scholarly journals (177) Evaluation of Different Factors on Regeneration of Plantlets from Embryos of Cycas revoluta Thunb.

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 1052E-1052
Author(s):  
Laura M. R. Rinaldi
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Adventitious Shoots ◽  
Basal Medium ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Embryogenic Tissue ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Mature Embryos ◽  
Bud Induction ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Cycas Revoluta

The micropropagation of Cycas revoluta Thunb. via somatic embryogenesis was tested on immature and mature embryos using 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) in combination with benzyladenine (BA) or kinetin. In addition, the effect of media manipulation on the induction of adventitious buds was studied to optimize culture parameters for the regeneration of plantlets via organogenesis from mature embryos. Schenk and Hildebrandt basal medium containing six different NO3-: NH4+ ratios (from 90:10 to 65:35) and BA at 9 μm was used. The development of induced buds occurred on the medium containing the identical NO3-: NH4+ composition without growth regulators. The effects of two IBA concentrations on the rooting of elongated shoots were evaluated. The treatment of immature embryos with 2.26 μm 2,4-D and 0.44 μm BA and that of mature embryos with 0.9 μm 2,4-D and 4.40 μm BA promoted growth of embryogenic tissue followed by embryo formation that failed to develop further. Bud induction was obtained through the whole range of NO3-: NH4+ ratios tested. Small decrease in these ratios affected subsequent differentiation and growth. Adventitious shoots obtained on 70% NO3- showed two-fold increase in height and diameter compared with those regenerated on 75% NO3-. Furthermore, 7% of the former produced at the shoot base adventitious shoots that have similar morphology to offset growing at the base of mature plant. The rooting percentage of shoots was low. Considering the difficulty in achieving somatic embryogenesis, these results suggested that among micropropagation techniques organogenesis can be applicable for production of Cycas, although rooting is still the limiting factor.

scholarly journals Somatic Embryogenesis and Organogenesis in Magnolia dealbata Zucc. (Magnoliaceae), an Endangered, Endemic Mexican Species

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 1325-1329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martín Mata-Rosas ◽  
Ángel Jiménez-Rodríguez ◽  
Victor M. Chávez-Avila
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Basal Medium ◽  
Direct Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Direct Organogenesis ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Zygotic Embryos ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Magnolia Dealbata

Plants of Magnolia dealbata were regenerated from zygotic embryos through somatic embryogenesis and direct organogenesis. Medium and incubation conditions were determinating factors for the development of morphogenetic responses. Photoperiodic exposure was a limiting factor in the general development of the explants, and incubation in darkness allowed their development. The highest formation of shoots per responding explant were obtained on woody plant (WP) medium supplemented with 13.3 μM or 22.2 μM 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) in combination with 2.26 μM or in absence of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) from which 2.5 shoots per explant were induced. Subcultures on WP medium, supplemented with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PUP) 40,000 1 g·L–1) avoided necrosis of explants. Somatic embryos were formed in 85% of explants cultivated on WP medium with 2,4-D (2.3 μM or 4.5 μM); 20% induced indirect embryogenesis and 65% formed direct somatic embryogenesis. The plants were transferred to soil to acclimatize under greenhouse conditions, achieving 90% survival. Somatic embryo conversion to plantlets was obtained with subculture on WP basal medium without growth regulators. In vitro culture can play a key role in the propagation and conservation of this endangered species.

Commercialization potential of somatic embryogenesis in black spruce tree improvement

1994 ◽  
Vol 70 (5) ◽  
pp. 593-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. W. Adams ◽  
M. G. Doiron ◽  
Y. S. Park ◽  
J. M. Bonga ◽  
P. J. Charest
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Clonal Propagation ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Tree Improvement ◽  
Embryogenic Tissue ◽  
Improvement Program ◽  
Mature Embryos ◽  
Somatic Plants ◽  
Number Of Individuals ◽  
Potential Tool

The somatic embryogenesis process was evaluated as a potential tool for operational vegetative propagation using individuals from families currently used in the J.D. Irving, Ltd. black spruce tree improvement program. Most families were responsive although the number of individuals within families capable of producing embryogenic tissue (ET) varied greatly (1–70%). Seventy-four percent of the ET clones produced mature embryos and most of these germinated. Greenhouse survival was initially low (11%) but improved in subsequent experiments to 45% as growing regimes were refined. Demonstration plantings of the resulting somatic plants were established at two sites in New Brunswick. A total of 206 clones were cryopreserved. The potential for integrating somatic embryogenesis techniques into tree improvement and stock production programs is discussed. Key words: tree improvement, somatic embryogenesis, clonal propagation, black spruce, biotechnology

scholarly journals Plant Regeneration via Somatic Embryogenesis from Leaf and Floral Explants of ‘Chancellor’ Wine Grape

1970 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard M.S. Mulwa ◽  
Margaret M.A. Norton ◽  
Robert M. Skirvin
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Embryogenic Callus ◽  
Somatic Embryos ◽  
Basal Medium ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Half Strength ◽  
Conversion Stage ◽  
Cotyledon Expansion ◽  
Floral Explants ◽  
Shoot Meristems

Abundant embryogenic callus was obtained from leaf and floral explants of "Chancellor" grape by continuous culture for 12 weeks on Nitsch and Nitsch basal medium supplemented with 9 μM 2, 4-D + 17 μM IASP + either 1 μM BA or 1 μM TDZ (ECIM) in darkness. They were successfully maintained by a five to six week subculture interval on NN medium containing 2 μM 2, 4-D + 0.2 μM TDZ + 4 μM IASP (LTMM). Near synchronous embryo developed from embryogenic callus on medium containing 10 μM IASP + 8 μM NOA + 1 μM TDZ + 1 μM ABA + 2.5 g/l AC (EDMM).  Individually separated somatic embryos were germinated on both NN and half strength of MS containing 0.5 μM BA + 0.025 μM NAA, respectively; normal plantlet conversion from embryos was low (35%).  Whole fruiting plants were obtained. Aberrant embryo development was characterized by failure to form functional shoot meristems following the initial cotyledon expansion during germination. These observations indicate that the embryo conversion stage of the regeneration is difficult and remains a limiting factor requiring more empirical experimentation for improvement in grape tissue culture.   Key words: Chancellor grape, Regeneration, Somatic embryogenesis   D.O.I. 10.3329/ptcb.v20i2.6895   Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 20(2): 157-170, 2010 (December)

Regeneration of Robiniapseudoacacia via somatic embryogenesis

1989 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Merkle ◽  
A. T. Wiecko
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Somatic Embryos ◽  
Basal Medium ◽  
Direct Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Secondary Embryogenesis ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Entire Study ◽  
Fruit Maturity ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Free Media

Tissue cultures were initiated from developing seeds of black locust (Robiniapseudoacacia L.) collected from three trees at weekly intervals from 1 week following anthesis until early fruit maturity. Explants were cultured on media containing 0, 2, or 4 mg/L 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 0 or 0.25 mg/L 6-benzyladenine. Seeds explanted onto hormone-supplemented media remained on these media for 1 or 3 weeks before being placed on hormone-free media, or were maintained on hormone-supplemented media for the entire study. Direct somatic embryogenesis was observed in a single culture, initiated from a seed collected 4 weeks after anthesis and cultured for 1 week on a medium supplemented with 4 mg/L 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 0.25 mg/L 6-benzyladenine before transfer to basal medium. Although it could not be discerned from which part of the explant somatic embryos were derived, secondary embryogenesis continued from the radicles of cotyledonary-stage somatic embryos. Most somatic embryos were well formed, with two distinct cotyledons. Embryos germinated precociously, producing plantlets that were initially weak but later gained vigor and resembled seedlings.

scholarly journals Different Roles of Auxins in Somatic Embryogenesis Efficiency in Two Picea Species

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 3394
Author(s):  
Teresa Hazubska-Przybył ◽  
Ewelina Ratajczak ◽  
Agata Obarska ◽  
Emilia Pers-Kamczyc
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Stress Level ◽  
Embryogenic Tissue ◽  
Naphthaleneacetic Acid ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Proliferation Medium ◽  
Oxidative Stress Level ◽  
Picea Species ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

The effects of auxins 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid), NAA (1-naphthaleneacetic acid) or picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid; 9 µM) and cytokinin BA (benzyloadenine; 4.5 µM) applied in the early stages of somatic embryogenesis (SE) on specific stages of SE in Picea abies and P. omorika were investigated. The highest SE initiation frequency was obtained after 2,4-D application in P. omorika (22.00%) and picloram application in P. abies (10.48%). NAA treatment significantly promoted embryogenic tissue (ET) proliferation in P. abies, while 2,4-D treatment reduced it. This reduction was related to the oxidative stress level, which was lower with the presence of NAA in the proliferation medium and higher with the presence of 2,4-D. The reduced oxidative stress level after NAA treatment suggests that hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) acts as a signalling molecule and promotes ET proliferation. NAA and picloram in the proliferation medium decreased the further production and maturation of P. omorika somatic embryos compared with that under 2,4-D. The quality of the germinated P. abies embryos and their development into plantlets depended on the auxin type and were the highest in NAA-originated embryos. These results show that different auxin types can generate different physiological responses in plant materials during SE in both spruce species.

scholarly journals Somatic Embryogenesis in Carnation

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Les Frey ◽  
Yehoshua Saranga ◽  
Jules Janick
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Somatic Embryos ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Dianthus Caryophyllus ◽  
Basal Medium ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Ex Vitro ◽  
Murashige And Skoog Medium ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

Somatic embryogenesis was induced from internodal callus of `Scania', `Improved White Sim', and `Sandra' carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.). The optimum protocol for the induction of somatic embryogenesis included initiation of callus in liquid basal Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 3.0 μm 2,4-D followed by transfer to liquid basal medium lacking 2,4-D for embryo development. Somatic embryos originated from single cells and early embryonic development proceeded conventionally (i.e., via globular, heart-shaped, and torpedo stages), but clearly developed apical or root meristems were not always formed. A few embryos developed into seedlings and were acclimatized to ex vitro conditions. Chemical name used: 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D).

scholarly journals Somatic embryogenesis from leaf transverse thin cell layer derived-callus of Vietnamese ginseng (Panax vietnamensis Ha et Grushv.)

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-73
Author(s):  
Vu Thi Hien ◽  
Nguyen Phuc Huy ◽  
Bui Van The Vinh ◽  
Hoang Xuan Chien ◽  
Hoang Thanh Tung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Cell Layer ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Callus Formation ◽  
Basal Medium ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Naphthaleneacetic Acid ◽  
Transverse Thin Cell Layer ◽  
Cell Layers ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

No report on plant regeneration via somatic embryogenesis of P. vietnamensis has been previously published. In the present study, somatic embryogenesis via callus formation from cultures of leaf transverse thin cell layers (tTCLs) of Vietnamese ginseng (Panax vietnamensis Ha et Grushv.) was investigated. α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) and thidiazuron (TDZ) were added separately and in combination into the culture media. Explant necrosis or low callogenesis rates were observed when 1-mm wide leaf tTCLs were cultured on media with TDZ, BA, 2,4-D or NAA. On the other hand, calli were successfully induced from the tTCL explants cultured on medium supplemented with either 2,4-D and BA or 2,4-D and TDZ. Callogenesis was observed under both light and dark conditions. The highest callogenesis rate (100%) was obtained on Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium supplemented with 1.0 mg l-1 2,4-D in combination with 0.1 mg l-1 TDZ in darkness after eight weeks of culture. White calli were cut into small pieces (1.0 x 1.0 cm dimension) and placed on MS media containing 1.0 mg l-1 2,4-D, 0.5 mg l-1 NAA and TDZ at various concentrations (0.01; 0.1; 0.2; and 0.5 mg l-1), and the best callus proliferation was recorded on medium containing 1.0 mg l-1 2,4-D and 0.2 mg l-1 TDZ. Somatic embryogenesis, with a success rate of 53.3% and 35 embryos per explant, was achieved when calli were subcultured onto MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg l-1 2,4-D, 0.5 mg l-1 NAA and 0.2 mg l-1 TDZ.

scholarly journals Polyamines during somatic embryo development in Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.])

2009 ◽  
Vol 55 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 75-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Malá ◽  
M. Cvikrová ◽  
P. Máchová ◽  
O. Martincová
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Picea Abies ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Somatic Embryos ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Embryogenic Tissue ◽  
Growth Media ◽  
Mature Embryos ◽  
Proliferation Medium ◽  
Maturation Medium

Contents of free polyamines (putrescine, spermidine and spermine) were determined in different developmental stages of Norway spruce (<I>Picea abies</I> [L.] Karst.) somatic embryos by means of HPLC. Determinations were performed embryogenic tissue after 4 weeks of the growth on proliferation medium, after 2 and 5 weeks of the culturing on maturation medium, and 2 weeks after desiccation. Maturation of somatic embryos (after 5 weeks) was accompanied by increase of concentrations of putrescine (2.3 times) and spermidine (3.2 times). In comparison with above mentioned polyamines, spermine concentrations were significantly lower (4.3 times). Two weeks after desiccation, the concentrations of putrescine decreased 5.4 times and spermidine 2.2 times in comparison with mature embryos. To improve the efficiency of somatic embryogenesis of less responsive genotypes, the supplementation of growth media by polyamines is discussed.

The Effect of Auxins and Antiauxins on Shoot-Bud Induction and Morphology in the Moss, Bryum atrovirens Will ex Brid

1990 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 177 ◽  
Author(s):  
RN Chopra ◽  
BD Vashistha
Keyword(s):  
Basal Medium ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Naphthaleneacetic Acid ◽  
Simultaneous Application ◽  
Shoot Bud ◽  
Cultural Conditions ◽  
Bud Induction ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Indole 3 Acetic Acid ◽  
Do So

The protonema of the moss Bryum atrovirens remains bud-free under ordinary cultural conditions on Nitsch's basal medium. Exogenously applied auxins (Indole-3-acetic acid; 2-4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid; α-naphthaleneacetic acid and β-naphthoxyacetic acid) induced buds on protonemata, whereas antiauxins (Maleic hydrazide and 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid) failed to do so. Morphology of the gametophores depended upon the concentration of auxin in the medium. In general, normal leafy gametophores resulted at lower concentrations, and at higher levels of auxins morphology was adversely affected. Simultaneous application of 6-benzylaminopurine and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid advanced bud formation as well as increased bud number, but had no significant effect on the improvement of shoot morphology.

scholarly journals Somatic Embryogenesis and Regeneration from Cotyledon Explants of Six Squash Cultivars

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 1295-1297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol Gonsalves ◽  
Baodi Xue ◽  
Dennis Gonsalves
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Somatic Embryos ◽  
Basal Medium ◽  
Induction Medium ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Plantlet Production ◽  
Summer Squash ◽  
Napthaleneacetic Acid ◽  
Relative Production ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

Six summer squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) cultivars were regenerated via somatic embryogenesis using cotyledons excised from germinated or nongerminated seeds. Genotypes included were zucchini, commercial F1 hybrids, `President', `Seneca Zucchini', `Jade'; the noncommercial inbred line `Caserta Inbred 557311'; and two yellow squash hybrids `Dixie' and `Seneca Butterbar'. Somatic embryogenesis was initiated in induction medium containing 22.62 μm 2, 4-D, and embryos were germinated in maturation medium containing 0.27 μm NAA and 0.23 μm kinetin. Plants were elongated and rooted on basal medium without hormones. All media contained carbenicillin at 500 mg·liter–1. Sixty-one percent of the `Seneca Butterbar' cotyledons produced somatic embryos when kept on induction medium for 10 weeks. Overall, 7% of the initial explants produced plantlets, and regeneration efficiency was calculated as 0.3 plantlets per initial explant. The relative production of plants from cotyledons that were kept on induction medium for different time periods were determined for `Caserta Inbred 557311' and `Seneca Zucchini'. All cotyledons produced somatic embryos after 11 to 17 weeks on induction medium. However, plantlet production was optimal with explants kept on induction medium for 13 weeks for `Seneca Zucchini' and for 15 weeks for `Caserta Inbred 557311', producing an average of 4.5 and 9.3 plants per explant, respectively, from 90% to 70% of the explants. We recovered plants from all six cultivars; thus, our regeneration protocol may be applicable to other genotypes. The high percentage of regenerants obtained indicates that the regeneration method is efficient enough to be adapted successfully to squash transformation experiments. Chemical names used: α-carboxybenzylpenicillin (carbenicillin); 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D); 6-furfurylaminopurine (kinetin); α-napthaleneacetic acid (NAA).

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