Eastern Filbert Blight-resistant Hazelnuts from Russia, Ukraine, and Poland

Stable genetic resistance to the fungal disease eastern filbert blight (EFB), caused by Anisogramma anomala, is vital for sustainable production of European hazelnut (Corylus avellana) in eastern North America. In this study, new hazelnut germplasm from the Russian Federation, Ukraine, and Poland (a total of 1844 trees from 66 seed lots) was subjected to A. anomala under field conditions over at least five years in New Jersey. Plants were then rated for the presence of EFB using an index of 0 (no disease) through 5 (all stems containing cankers). Nuts of the resistant trees were evaluated to identify plants with improved kernel characteristics. Genomic DNA of these trees was also screened with sequence-characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers generated by the primers BE-03, BE-33, and BE-68, which are closely linked to the single dominant R-gene of ‘Gasaway’, to assess the resistant seedlings for the presence of this well-known source of resistance. At final evaluation, 76 trees remained free of disease with nine expressing only minor symptoms (rating 1 or 2). The resistant trees spanned 24 different seed lots representing all three countries. The remaining trees ranged from moderately to severely infected with 81% of the total collection rating 5. Several of the resistant trees were found to produce commercial-sized (≈12 mm diameter), round kernels that blanched well. Although the results of the ‘Gasaway’ SCAR primers were inconclusive, the diverse collection origins and disease phenotypes provide evidence that novel sources of resistance were likely identified in this study. These new plants should broaden the genetic base of EFB-resistant C. avellana hazelnut germplasm available for breeding.

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Sources of Resistance to Eastern Filbert Blight in Hazelnut

Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science ◽

10.21273/jashs.123.2.253 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 123 (2) ◽

pp. 253-257 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Clarice J. Coyne ◽

Shawn A. Mehlenbacher ◽

David C. Smith

Keyword(s):

Dominant Gene ◽

Genetic Resistance ◽

Resistance Breeding ◽

The United States ◽

Corylus Avellana ◽

Sources Of Resistance ◽

Corylus Cornuta ◽

Anisogramma Anomala ◽

Eastern Filbert Blight ◽

Significant Disease

Eastern filbert blight is an economically significant disease in European hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) production in the United States. Since genetic resistance is the only viable disease control strategy to this fungal disease caused by Anisogramma anomala (Peck) E. Müller, greenhouse and field screening of germplasm was undertaken to study the inheritance from known resistant sources and to identify new sources for inclusion in the breeding program. We confirmed that `Gasaway' resistance to this disease is conferred by a single dominant gene. No major gen was identified in the field-resistant cultivar Gem. Representatives of six Corylus species were screened to identify new resistant germplasm. Corylus cornuta Marshall var. cornuta, C. cornuta var. californica (A.DC.) Sharp, C. heterophylla Fischer, and C. sieboldiana Blume were highly resistant, as were most C. americana Marshall genotypes and one C. colurna L. clone tested, but C. jacquenontii Decaisne was highly susceptible. In several cases, hybrids of these species with susceptible C. avellana were also resistant. These new sources of resisstance are being incorporated in the resistance breeding effort.

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Identification and Mapping of DNA Markers Linked to Eastern Filbert Blight Resistance from OSU 408.040 Hazelnut

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.47.5.570 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 47 (5) ◽

pp. 570-573 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Vidyasagar R. Sathuvalli ◽

Shawn A. Mehlenbacher ◽

David C. Smith

Keyword(s):

Ssr Markers ◽

Random Amplified Polymorphic Dna ◽

Genetic Resistance ◽

Resistance Locus ◽

State University ◽

Willamette Valley ◽

Sources Of Resistance ◽

Disease Marker ◽

Anisogramma Anomala ◽

Eastern Filbert Blight

Eastern filbert blight (EFB) of European hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.), caused by the pyrenomycete Anisogramma anomala (Peck) E. Müller, is a major disease problem and production constraint in Oregon’s Willamette Valley. Host genetic resistance is viewed as the most economical means of controlling this disease. Marker-assisted selection has been extensively used for ‘Gasaway’ resistance in the hazelnut breeding program at Oregon State University (OSU). Concern over potential breakdown of this single resistance gene prompted a search for new sources of resistance. Selection OSU 408.040 showed no signs or symptoms of the fungus after a series of disease inoculations, and resistance was transmitted to half of its offspring, indicating control by a dominant allele at a single locus. In this study, we identified six random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and 11 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers linked to EFB resistance from OSU 408.040. The new markers supplement the previously identified amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. A linkage map constructed in the progeny OSU 245.098 × OSU 408.040 spanned a distance of 19.5 cM with the resistance locus cosegregating with AFLP marker A8-150 and located between SSR markers LG675 and LG682. Using SSR markers as anchor loci, OSU 408.040 resistance was assigned to linkage group 6 (LG6). Comparison with the previously mapped ‘Gasaway’ resistance locus showed that resistance from OSU 408.040 maps to the same location.

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061 Novel Sources of Genetic Resistance to Eastern Filbert Blight in Hazelnut

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.34.3.451e ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 34 (3) ◽

pp. 451E-451

Author(s):

C.F. Lunde ◽

M.S. Mehlenbacher ◽

D.C. Smith

Keyword(s):

Resistance Gene ◽

Indirect Elisa ◽

Rapd Marker ◽

Genetic Resistance ◽

Corylus Avellana ◽

Resistant Cultivar ◽

Resistant Phenotype ◽

Anisogramma Anomala ◽

Eastern Filbert Blight ◽

Resistance Source

A survey of hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) genotypes for response to the eastern filbert blight pathogen [Anisogramma anomala (Peck) E. Müller] was performed. Seven varieties were discovered that did not display disease signs or symptoms when subjected to severe inoculation with A. anomala in the greenhouse and assayed for infection. These cultivars are `Closca Molla', `Ratoli', `Yoder #5', `Potomac', `Medium Long', `Grand Traverse' and `Zimmerman'. `Ratoli' and `Closca Molla', both minor varieties from Spain, are superior agronomic types to the resistant cultivar Gasaway, which has been the main resistance source used in the breeding program. Only `Zimmerman' carries the RAPD marker linked to resistance in populations segregating for the `Gasaway' gene. Three populations were created using, `Zimmerman', as the pollen parent in controlled crosses. These populations were inoculated with spores of the pathogen and assayed by indirect ELISA and by observation of canker incidence. Resistant phenotypes make up 84% of the populations, indicating that `Zimmerman' possesses resistance either distinct from or additional to that found in, `Gasaway'. A RAPD marker linked to the resistance gene in crosses with `Gasaway' cosegregates with the resistant phenotype in all three populations (0 cM, 3 cM, 4 cM). Mechanisms to explain the distortion in these populations are discussed. Further studies are required to characterize the mechanism and inheritance resistance in these other clones.

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Hazelnut Accessions Provide New Sources of Resistance to Eastern Filbert Blight

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.42.3.466 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 42 (3) ◽

pp. 466-469 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Honglin Chen ◽

Shawn A. Mehlenbacher ◽

David C. Smith

Keyword(s):

Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Interspecific Hybrids ◽

Visual Inspection ◽

Corylus Avellana ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Sources Of Resistance ◽

Backcross Hybrid ◽

Complete Resistance ◽

Anisogramma Anomala ◽

Eastern Filbert Blight

A diverse collection of 58 hazelnut accessions, including Corylus avellana L. and interspecific hybrids, were evaluated for their response to the eastern filbert blight pathogen Anisogramma anomala (Peck) E. Müller after greenhouse inoculation. Evaluations were made using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and visual inspection. Forty-five of these became infected, 12 remained free of infection, and one gave inconclusive results. The 12 accessions showing complete resistance were European hazelnuts ‘Culpla’ from Spain and CCOR 187 from Finland; C. americana × C. avellana hybrids ‘G081S’, CCOR 506, and Weschcke selections TP1, TP2 and TP3; C. colurna × C. avellana hybrids Chinese Trazels Gellatly #6 and #11; Turkish Trazel Gellatly #3 and backcross hybrid ‘Lisa’; and C. heterophylla var. sutchuensis × C. avellana hybrid ‘Estrella #1’. In a second test, exposure of potted trees under structures topped with diseased wood confirmed the complete resistance of ‘Santiam’, four pollinizers, and ‘Ratoli’. However, a few small cankers were observed on ‘Closca Molla’ from Spain and OSU 729.012, with resistance from C. californica (A.DC.) Rose, in contrast to the results of earlier greenhouse inoculations.

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Survey of Hazelnut Cultivars for Response to Eastern Filbert Blight Inoculation

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.35.4.729 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 35 (4) ◽

pp. 729-731 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

China F. Lunde ◽

Shawn A. Mehlenbacher ◽

David C. Smith

Keyword(s):

Interspecific Hybrids ◽

Visual Inspection ◽

Random Amplified Polymorphic Dna ◽

Rapd Marker ◽

Genetic Resistance ◽

Corylus Avellana ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Resistant Parent ◽

Anisogramma Anomala ◽

Eastern Filbert Blight

Ninety hazelnut (Corylus sp.) genotypes were surveyed for response to the eastern filbert blight pathogen [Anisogramma anomala (Peck) E. Müller] following greenhouse inoculation using a combination of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and visual inspection for cankers. Most were cultivars of the European hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) and a few were interspecific hybrids. Six genotypes did not display signs of the pathogen or symptoms of disease: `Closca Molla', `Ratoli', `Yoder #5', `Potomac', `Medium Long', and `Grand Traverse'. `Closca Molla' and `Ratoli', both minor Spanish cultivars, are superior in many respects to `Gasaway', which has been extensively used as a completely resistant parent in breeding. `Potomac' and `Yoder #5' have C. americana Marsh. in their pedigrees, `Grand Traverse' is one-quarter C. colurna, and the origin of `Medium Long' is uncertain. The random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) marker generated by primer UBC 152, which is linked to the single dominant resistance gene of `Gasaway', is absent in these six genotypes, and thus they appear to be novel sources of genetic resistance to this devastating disease.

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Eastern Filbert Blight Resistance in Hazelnut Accessions ‘Culplà’, ‘Crvenje’, and OSU 495.072

Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science ◽

10.21273/jashs.140.2.191 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 140 (2) ◽

pp. 191-200 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Brooke C. Colburn ◽

Shawn A. Mehlenbacher ◽

Vidyasagar R. Sathuvalli ◽

David C. Smith

Keyword(s):

Microsatellite Markers ◽

Genetic Resistance ◽

Premature Death ◽

Sources Of Resistance ◽

Reciprocal Translocations ◽

Resistant Parent ◽

Disease Response ◽

Cultural Methods ◽

Anisogramma Anomala ◽

Eastern Filbert Blight

European hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) is a significant crop in Oregon, where 99% of United States hazelnuts are produced. Eastern filbert blight (EFB) caused by Anisogramma anomala (Peck) E. Müller is an important disease that infects the trees, reduces yield, and causes premature death. Managing the disease through cultural methods and fungicide applications is laborious and expensive, and genetic host resistance is considered the most viable option for control. Genetic resistance from ‘Gasaway’ has been used to develop resistant cultivars including Yamhill and Jefferson, but concern about the durability of this single resistance gene stimulated a search for additional sources of resistance. This study used three recently identified sources of EFB resistance: ‘Culplà’ from Spain, ‘Crvenje’ from Serbia, and OSU 495.072 from southern Russia. RAPD markers linked to resistance from ‘Gasaway’ were absent in all three accessions. Disease response was noted in segregating progenies following greenhouse or structure inoculation, and the resistance loci were mapped using microsatellite markers. In only four of the nine progenies did segregation for disease response fit the ratio of 1 resistant:1 susceptible expected for a single locus, a heterozygous resistant parent, and a dominant allele for resistance. Three progenies showed an excess of resistant seedlings while two showed a deficiency of resistant seedlings. The reciprocal translocations reported in several leading hazelnut cultivars may be present in the parents of the studied progenies, and affecting the segregation ratios. Microsatellite marker A614, previously mapped to linkage group (LG) 6, was closely linked to resistance from all three sources. Maps were constructed for LG6 for each resistant parent using microsatellite markers. The three resistance loci mapped to the same region on LG6 where resistance from ‘Gasaway’ and OSU 408.040 are located. The resistance alleles in all five accessions may be the same, or more likely are a cluster of different resistance genes in the same region. Markers LG628, LG610, and LG696 will be useful to breed new hazelnut cultivars with resistance from Culplà, Crvenje, and OSU 495.072.

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Survey of Hazelnut Germplasm from Russia and Crimea for Response to Eastern Filbert Blight

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.42.1.51 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 42 (1) ◽

pp. 51-56 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Thomas J. Molnar ◽

David E. Zaurov ◽

Joseph C. Goffreda ◽

Shawn A. Mehlenbacher

Keyword(s):

Random Amplified Polymorphic Dna ◽

Genetic Resistance ◽

Germplasm Collection ◽

Crimean Peninsula ◽

Geographic Origins ◽

Anisogramma Anomala ◽

The Russian Federation ◽

Eastern Filbert Blight ◽

Made In ◽

The Crimean Peninsula

Six hundred five hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) seedlings from a diverse germplasm collection made in the Russian Federation and the Crimean peninsula of the Ukraine were inoculated with the eastern filbert blight (EFB) pathogen Anisogramma anomala (Peck) E. Müller and their responses evaluated. Responses were rated on a scale of 0 to 5, in which 0 represents no sign of EFB and 5 represents all branches exhibiting cankers. At final evaluation, eight seedlings showed no signs of the pathogen or symptoms of the disease. Five additional seedlings expressed only very minor signs of the pathogen (rating = 1). The remainder ranged in disease expression from moderately to severely infected to dead with 89.7% (470 of 524) of the surviving seedlings rating 4 or 5. Of the 13 apparently resistant seedlings (rating 0 or 1), seven originated from nuts purchased from roadside vendors near Simferopol, Crimea, Ukraine; five from nuts purchased at an outdoor market near Krasnodar, Russia; and one from nuts obtained from the hazelnut breeding program of the Nikita Botanical Gardens, Yalta, Crimea, Ukraine. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers generated by the primers UBC 152800 and OP AA12850, which are tightly linked to the single dominant resistance gene ‘Gasaway’, were not present in all 13 resistant seedlings, providing support, along with their geographic origins, that they represent novel sources of genetic resistance to EFB.

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Occurrence and Inheritance of Resistance to Eastern Filbert Blight in `Gasaway' Hazelnut

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.26.4.410 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 26 (4) ◽

pp. 410-411 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Shawn A. Mehlenbacher ◽

Maxine M. Thompson ◽

H. Ronald Cameron

Keyword(s):

Resistance Gene ◽

Corylus Avellana ◽

Symptom Expression ◽

Inheritance Of Resistance ◽

Open Pollination ◽

Anisogramma Anomala ◽

Controlled Crosses ◽

Eastern Filbert Blight

`Gasaway' hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) is highly resistant to eastern filbert blight caused by Anisogramma anomala (Peck) E. Muller. Progeny produced from controlled crosses of `Gasaway' with five susceptible genotypes and open pollination in a `DuChilly' orchard were planted in a diseased orchard and rated for symptom expression for 9 to 10 years. All progeny were found to segregate 50% resistant: 50% susceptible, indicating that `Gasaway' is heterozygous for a single dominant resistance gene.

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Tank Mixing Fungicides for Effectiveness Against Eastern Filbert Blight of Hazelnut

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-08-17-1298-re ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 102 (5) ◽

pp. 919-924 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

J. W. Pscheidt ◽

S. Heckert ◽

S. A. Cluskey

Keyword(s):

Corylus Avellana ◽

Resistance Development ◽

Qoi Fungicides ◽

Quinone Outside Inhibitor ◽

Action Committee ◽

Anisogramma Anomala ◽

Dmi Fungicides ◽

Group 3 ◽

Eastern Filbert Blight ◽

Control Tank

Hazelnut (Corylus avellana) production in Oregon primarily occurs on cultivars susceptible to Anisogramma anomala, the causal agent of eastern filbert blight (EFB). Management of EFB involves planting resistant cultivars, removal of cankered limbs, and the application of fungicides. Tank mixes of demethylation-inhibiting (DMI; Fungicide Resistance Action Committee [FRAC] group 3) or quinone outside inhibitor (QoI; FRAC group 11) fungicides with chlorothalonil (FRAC group M5) at full or reduced rates were evaluated for effectiveness against A. anomala. The use of chlorothalonil in a mix with a DMI or QoI fungicide was an effective treatment for EFB even if each component of the mix was at half the labeled rate. Different liquid or dry formulations of chlorothalonil were equally effective in a tank mix for EFB control. The combination of propiconazole (FRAC group 3) tank mixed with trifloxystrobin (FRAC group 11) was not effective, whereas trees treated with propiconazole tank mixed with pyraclostrobin (FRAC group 11) resulted in significantly fewer EFB cankers compared with nontreated trees. When using tank mixes for EFB management, DMI fungicides should remain at full rates while mixing with a half-rate of chlorothalonil. In contrast, QoI fungicides and chlorothalonil could both be used at half-rates and still maintain acceptable EFB control. Tank mixing chlorothalonil with fungicides at risk of resistance development can help maintain consistent EFB control and should help prevent or delay the emergence of fungicide-resistant A. anomala isolates.

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521 PB 483 RESISTANCE TO EASTERN FILBERT BLIGHT IN CORYLUS SPECIES AND INTERSPECIFIC HYBRIDS

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.29.5.506b ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 29 (5) ◽

pp. 506b-506

Author(s):

Glare J. Coyne ◽

Shawn A. Mehlenbacher

Keyword(s):

New York ◽

Interspecific Hybrid ◽

Interspecific Hybrids ◽

Dominant Gene ◽

Single Dominant Gene ◽

Sources Of Resistance ◽

Anisogramma Anomala ◽

Eastern Filbert Blight ◽

Serious Disease ◽

Kernel Traits

Eastern filbert blight (EFB) (Anisogramma anomala) is a serious disease of the European hazelnut (Coryls avellana). A single dominant gene for immunity to EFB from C. avellana `Gasaway' is being combined with good nut and kernel traits using a modified backcross approach. Additional sources of resistance would be highly desirable. Clones and seedlings of six other species (C. columa, C. comuta, C. heterophylla, C. sieboldiana, C. amencana, and C. jaquemontii] and a few interspecific hybrid selections were screened in the greenhouse to identify new sources of resistance. C. jacquemontii seedlings and C. columa clones were highly susceptible. C. comuta, C. hetemphylla, and C. sieboldiana clones were resistant, as were 86% of the C. americana seedlings tested. Five C. americana × C. avellana hybrids from New York were resistant under field conditions. One of four C. comuta × C. avellana and two of three C. hetemphylla × C. avellana hybrids were resistant.

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