scholarly journals Production System and Cultivar Effects on the Development of Skin Separation or “Silvering” in Bell Pepper Fruit

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian A. Wyenandt ◽  
Wesley L. Kline ◽  
Daniel L. Ward ◽  
Nancy L. Brill
Keyword(s):  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Production System ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Bell Pepper ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Pepper Fruit ◽  
Bell Peppers ◽  
Black Plastic

From 2006 to 2008, four different production systems and five bell pepper cultivars (Capsicum annuum) with either no resistance (Alliance and Camelot), tolerance (Revolution), or resistance (Paladin and Aristotle) to the crown rot phase of phytophthora blight (Phytophthora capsici) were evaluated for the development of skin separation or “silvering” in fruit at a research facility and four commercial vegetable farms in southern New Jersey. Cultivar, production system, and year, each had a significant effect on the total percentage of fruit with skin separation and marketable yield. The percentage of bell pepper fruit with skin separation was higher in both phytophthora-resistant cultivars compared with the phytophthora-susceptible cultivars across all four production systems. Marketable yield was highest when bell peppers were grown in double rows on raised beds with black plastic mulch and drip irrigation compared with bell peppers grown on single rows on raised beds with black plastic mulch and drip irrigation and bell peppers grown on single rows on raised, bare ground beds with buried drip irrigation. Marketable yields were lowest when bell peppers were grown in single rows on high, ridged beds with overhead irrigation. Results of this study suggest that the development of skin separation or “silvering” in fruit is more closely associated with genotype than type of production system.

Tillage and Mulch Effects on Yield of Bell Pepper (Capiscum annum L.)

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 496a-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aref Abdul-Baki ◽  
Ronald D. Morse
Keyword(s):  
Production Systems ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
No Till ◽  
Bell Peppers ◽  
Black Plastic

In 1997, three tillage/mulch pepper production systems were compared on raised beds at the Beltsville Agricultural Research Center (BARC), Md., and at Kentland Agricultural Research Farm (KARF), Blacksburg, Va. The tillage/mulch treatments were no-till hairy vetch (Vicia vellosa Roth) mulch (NT-HV), black plastic mulch on beds that were conventionally tilled and reformed before transplanting the peppers (CT-BP), and untilled bare soil (NT-BS). `Camelot' bell peppers were planted in early June 1997 in double rows at both sites. Both the CT-BP and NT-BS treatments received approximately double the nitrogen fertilizer, compared to NT-HV. Nitrogen was applied throughout the growing season at BARC, while all the N fertilizer was applied during the first 3 weeks of plant growth at KARF. Nine weekly harvests were made at BARC and six at KARF. Fruit yield was high in all treatments at both sites. There were no significant differences among treatments in marketable yield or fruit weight at BARC. In contrast, yield was significantly higher with CT-BP than with NT-HV and NT-BS at KARF. Higher yield with CT-BP at KARF possibly occurred from enhanced soil temperature and reduced N leaching normally associated with black plastic mulch production systems.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Six Nitrogen Fertility Programs on Marketable Yield and Development of Skin Separation in Bell Pepper Fruit

2011 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wesley L. Kline ◽  
Christian A. Wyenandt ◽  
Daniel L. Ward ◽  
June F. Sudal ◽  
Nancy L. Maxwell
Keyword(s):  
Bell Pepper ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Soluble Nitrogen ◽  
Phytophthora Blight ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Fertility Treatments ◽  
Pepper Fruit ◽  
Nitrogen Fertility ◽  
Marketable Fruit

In this study, the effects of six nitrogen fertility programs and two bell pepper (Capsicum annuum) cultivars were evaluated for marketable yield and incidence of skin separation in fruit. In 2006 and 2007, bell pepper cultivar Aristotle, which is tolerant to the crown rot phase of phytophthora blight (Phytophthora capsici), and a susceptible cultivar, Camelot, were established in a split-plot design with cultivar as the whole-plot factor and fertilizer regime as the subplot factor. Each year, fertility treatments included 1) 180 lb/acre of soluble nitrogen (N) plus phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) as 20N–8.7P–16.6K, 2) 300 lb/acre of soluble N (4N–0P–6.6K), 3) 180 lb/acre of soluble N (30N–0P–0K), 4) 135 lb/acre of soluble N (30N–0P–0K), 5) 180 lb/acre of granular N (43N–0P–0K), and 6) 135 lb/acre of granular N (43N–0P–0K). Soluble fertilizer treatments 1–4 were applied weekly through drip irrigation during the production season. Granular fertility treatments 5 and 6 were applied after bed making but before laying black plastic mulch each year. Additionally, all plots received 180 lb/acre each of P and K (0N–2.6P–4.9K) plus 2 lb/acre of boron distributed season-long in weekly fertilizer applications. In 2006 and 2007, cultivar had no effect on marketable yield or percent marketable fruit. In 2007, the percentage of harvested fruit with skin separation was significantly higher in fertility programs 1 and 2 compared with program 5. In 2006 and 2007, there were no significant interactions between cultivar and fertility program for marketable yield per plot, fruit with skin separation, percent marketable fruit, or marketable yield per acre. In both years, harvest date has a significant effect on marketable yield per plot, fruit with skin separation, percent marketable fruit, and marketable yield per acre. The percentage of harvested fruit with skin separation was higher in phytophthora-tolerant ‘Aristotle’ compared with phytophthora-susceptible ‘Camelot’ in 2006 and 2007. Results of this study suggest that the development of skin separation in bell pepper fruit is more influenced by genotype than N fertility program.

scholarly journals (29) Effects of Colored Plastic Mulches on Bell Pepper Yield and Fruit Characteristics

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 1075D-1076
Author(s):  
Maurice Ogutu
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Bell Pepper ◽  
Bare Ground ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Fruit Characteristics ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Capsicum Annum ◽  
Bell Peppers

A study was carried out to compare the effects of different colored plastic mulches (black smooth, red, black embossed, blue, olive, yellow, clear, white, and reflective) and bare ground on bell peppers (Capsicum annum) yield and fruit characteristics. Pepper varieties `Crusader' (2004 trial) and `Boynton Bell F1' (2005 trial) seeds were planted in flats filled with Jiffy Mix in a greenhouse in late Apr. 2004 and 2005, and the seedlings transplanted in early June 2004 and 2005, respectively. In 2004, pepper fruits were harvested once in early September, and reflective and black embossed plastic mulch treatments had higher U.S. No. 1 fruit weight than other treatments. Pepper fruits harvested from reflective plastic mulch treatment were longer and larger than fruits in other treatments. In 2005, pepper fruits were harvested three times in late September to early October, and plants grown in reflective and red plastic mulch treatments had higher Fancy fruit weights while olive and white plastic mulch treatments had higher U.S. No. 1 fruit weights than other treatments. Fruits from reflective and red plastic mulch treatments were longer and larger than fruits from other treatments. The total marketable yield (Fancy and U.S. No. 1 fruit weight combined) was higher in olive, reflective, white, and red plastic mulch treatments. In comparison with black embossed plastic mulch, plants grown in reflective and olive plastic mulches had higher yield in 2004. However, in 2005, yield followed the same trend, with plants grown in olive, white, and reflective plastic mulches having higher yield than other treatments.

scholarly journals Amelioration of Blossom-end Rot of Bell Pepper by Rowcovers and Supplemental Calcium

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 530B-530
Author(s):  
George H. Clough ◽  
Shara E. Alexander
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation System ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Bell Pepper ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Supplemental Calcium ◽  
Blossom End Rot ◽  
Black Plastic ◽  
Calcium Fertilization

A 2-year study was conducted in eastern Oregon to evaluate the effects of hooped spunbonded polypropylene rowcovers and calcium fertilization on yield and quality of drip-irrigated bell pepper grown on black plastic mulch. The experiment was a complete factorial with four replications of two varieties, covered and uncovered plots, and three levels of supplemental calcium fertilization at 0, 34 and 68 kg·ha–1 applied through the drip irrigation system as Ca(NO3)2. Marketable yields increased with rowcover, both at the first harvest and over the season. Blossom-end rot and sunscald were reduced substantially by rowcovers; the effect was greatest during the earlier harvests. First harvest and season total yield of fancy grade peppers increased linearly as rate of supplemental calcium increased, as did total marketable yield at the first harvest. There was a trend to decreasing yield of fruit with blossom-end rot as calcium rate increased, and the percent fruit with blossom-end rot at the first harvest decreased linearly with increasing rate of calcium fertilization. Yield of fruit affected by sunscald decreased linearly as supplemental calcium rate increased at the first harvest; overall, yield of sunscald fruit was reduced by application of calcium at either rate.

scholarly journals Effects of Silver Reflective Mulch, White Inter-row Mulch, and Plant Density on Yields of Pepper in Maine

2007 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 214-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark G. Hutton ◽  
David T. Handley
Keyword(s):  
New England ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Double Row ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Bell Peppers ◽  
Black Plastic

Bell peppers (Capsicum annuum) are an economically important yet difficult to grow crop in northern New England. Yields of bell peppers can be increased through the use of plastic mulches; however, refinements are needed to make bell peppers a more viable crop in regions with short, variable growing seasons. The objectives of this study were to (1) compare the effects of black mulch with white inter-row much, reflective silver mulch, and standard black plastic mulched beds on bell pepper yield and quality and (2) compare the effects of two in-row plant arrangements [single rows at 12-inch within-row spacing (7260 plants/acre) and double rows spaced 18 inches apart with 18-inch in-row spacing (9680 plants/acre)] on pepper yield and quality. Treatments were factorial combinations of three mulch treatments and two within-row planting arrangements. Double rows produced more fruit by number and weight than single rows; however, fruit harvested from the double-row plots tended to be smaller than fruit harvested from the single-row plots. Mulch treatments significantly influenced total marketable yield and yield of cull bell peppers grown in Maine. The plots receiving the inter-row white mulch or reflective silver mulch treatment produced significantly greater yield than standard black plastic mulch treatment. The reflective mulch treatment produced significantly more cull fruit per acre compared with the white inter-row mulch and black plastic.

scholarly journals Spunbonded Rowcover and Calcium Fertilization Improve Quality and Yield in Bell Pepper

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (7) ◽  
pp. 1150-1152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shara E. Alexander ◽  
George H. Clough
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation System ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Bell Pepper ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Blossom End Rot ◽  
Black Plastic ◽  
Calcium Fertilization

A 2-year study was conducted in eastern Oregon to evaluate the effects of hooped spunbonded polypropylene rowcovers and Ca fertilization on yield and quality of drip-irrigated bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L. Grossum group) grown on black plastic mulch. The experiment was a complete factorial with four replications of two cultivars, covered and uncovered plots, and three levels of supplemental Ca fertilization at 0, 34, and 68 kg·ha-1 applied through the drip irrigation system as Ca(NO3)2. Rowcovers increased marketable yields both at the first harvest and over the season. Blossom-end rot and sunscald were reduced substantially by rowcovers; the effect was greatest during the earlier harvests. First-harvest and season total yield of fancy grade peppers increased linearly as rate of supplemental Ca increased, as did total marketable yield at the first harvest. Both yield of fruit with blossom-end rot and the percentage of fruit with blossom-end rot at the first harvest decreased as Ca rate increased. Yield of fruit affected by sunscald decreased linearly as supplemental Ca rate increased at the first harvest; overall, yield of sunscalded fruit was reduced by application of Ca at either rate.

scholarly journals Bell Pepper Cultivar Performance under Short, Variable Growing Seasons

2007 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 136-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark G. Hutton ◽  
David T. Handley
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Size ◽  
Market Potential ◽  
Bell Pepper ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Commercial Market ◽  
Bell Peppers ◽  
Black Plastic ◽  
Growing Conditions

Twenty-seven green bell pepper (Capsicum annuum) cultivars were evaluated over three growing seasons in Maine. Each year, plants started in a greenhouse were transplanted into double rows on raised beds covered with black plastic mulch. Overall yields were low compared with similar experiments in other regions of North America and varied considerably from year to year. ‘Ace’ and ‘New Ace’ consistently produced the largest crops by both weight and number of fruit. However, both of these cultivars had undesirable characteristics of small fruit size (<150 g), few lobes (two-three), and thin fruit walls (<6 mm), limiting their commercial market potential. Other cultivars, including ‘Vivaldi’, ‘Patriot’, and ‘Socrates’, had significantly better fruit quality but very low or inconsistent yield. The results of this study demonstrate the current limitations for growing economically viable crops of bell peppers in regions such as Maine that have short growing seasons and a wide range of seasonal temperatures. Further, the data underline the need for the development of cultivars better adapted to these growing conditions.

scholarly journals Combination of Organic and Plastic Mulches to Improve the Yield and Quality of Winter Fresh Market Bell Peppers (Capsicum annuum L.)

HortScience ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 701-706 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qingren Wang ◽  
Waldemar Klassen ◽  
Edward A. Evans ◽  
Yungcong Li ◽  
Merlyn Codallo
Keyword(s):  
Capsicum Annuum ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Bell Pepper ◽  
Dade County ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Fresh Market ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Organic Mulch ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Bell Peppers

Mulching in vegetable cultivation has been widely used to conserve water and improve yield. Field experiments with four treatments, including yard waste compost combined with plastic mulches in raised beds for winter fresh market bell peppers (Capsicum annuum L.), were conducted at two experimental sites [Pine Island Farm (PIF) and Tropical Research and Education Center (TREC)] in Miami-Dade county for two different years each. The treatments were: 1) control (PM): plastic mulch alone; 2) MC33: fumigation of the soil with a mixture of methyl bromide and chloropicrin and covered with plastic mulch; 3) herbicide/OM: organic mulch sprayed with herbicides (S-metolachlor and napropamide) without plastic mulch; and 4) PM/OM: organic mulch covered by plastic mulch. The treatment of PM/OM at both experimental sites in 2 years each increased the total marketable yields of bell pepper by 1.5- to 3.2-fold, total extra large fruit yields by 2.0- to 5.7-fold, and total large fruit yields by 1.4- to 2.6-fold, respectively, on average compared with the control, although some exceptions occurred between the two years at the TREC site. Under most circumstances at both experimental sites in two different years each, the PM/OM treatment also improved the total marketable yield and fruit quality (such as extra large fruits) for the first two harvests, which shows a preference to provide winter fresh market vegetables to meet a high demand. The economic benefit by PM/OM was the greatest among all the treatments. The results suggest that the application of organic mulch combined with plastic mulch can improve bell pepper yield and quality as a result of the improvement of soil fertility, especially the early harvests of winter fresh market fruits, which has shown a potential in the development of sustainable agriculture.

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