scholarly journals Genetic Structure and Phylogenetic Relationships of Capsicum chinense

2012 ◽  
Vol 137 (4) ◽  
pp. 250-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marissa Moses ◽  
Pathmanathan Umaharan
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Diversity Indices ◽  
Amazon Region ◽  
Greater Antilles ◽  
Capsicum Chinense ◽  
Arbitrary Primers ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Major Cluster ◽  
Phylogenetic Origin ◽  
The Caribbean

Capsicum chinense is commercially the most important pepper species grown in the Caribbean. It is popularly used to impart pungency and flavor to Caribbean cuisine. However, unlike Capsicum annuum, which is the most commercially exploited domesticated species internationally, C. chinense has not been methodically collected or characterized for systematic improvement through plant breeding. The objectives of the study were to assess the diversity of C. chinense and its structure within the Caribbean basin and to determine its phylogenetic relationship to groups within South America. DNA isolated from 201 accessions of C. chinense, representing geographical regions where the species is found, were amplified using arbitrary primers to generate 138 polymorphic and reproducible random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. Nei’s and Shannon’s diversity indices for C. chinense (0.28 and 0.419, respectively) were higher in South America compared with Central America or the Caribbean, corresponding to its putative center of diversity. The study showed the existence of three phylogenetic clusters within C. chinense. The largest cluster consisted of accessions from the Upper Amazon region, the Guianas including Venezuela, and the Lesser Antilles of the Caribbean. The other major cluster was represented by accessions principally from the Lower Amazon region. Another distinct but small cluster consisted of samples solely from the Greater Antilles of the Caribbean. The discovery of the three phylogenetic clusters within C. chinense may have potential for exploiting heterosis in breeding. The implications of the findings to the understanding of the phylogenetic origin and distribution of C. chinense are discussed.

scholarly journals Biological Anthropology of Latin America: Historical Development and Recent Advances

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas H. Ubelaker ◽  
Sonia E. Colantonio
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
South America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Biological Anthropology ◽  
Health And Nutrition ◽  
History Of Development ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Growth Development

<table> <tr> <td> <p>Despite significant positive developments within topics of biological anthropology, archaeology, and related academic areas in Latin America, we noted a lack of coordination and communication among them. Available publications provide syntheses within different areas of biological anthropology, yet few have attempted integration of the distinct subfields. We decided to address the development and current issues of most major areas of Latin American biological anthropology in a single volume with chapters by distinguished, experienced scholars who live and work in Latin America, are knowledgeable about the topics, have published extensively on them, and who were recommended by specialists within six geographical regions of interest: Brazil and northeastern South America, Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean, northwestern South America, and southern South America. Six subdisciplines within biological anthropology were defined for academic coverage: (1) biodemography and epidemiology; (2) bioarchaeology and skeletal biology; (3) paleopathology; (4) forensic anthropology; (5) population genetics; and (6) growth, development, health, and nutrition. Though these six subdisciplines overlap to an extent, each offers a distinct history of development and presents unique issues to address. Chapters generally cover topics of history, the state of knowledge, methodological perspective, and areas in need of additional research. Although the text is in English, abstracts in English, Spanish, and Portuguese are included.</p> </td> </tr> </table>

scholarly journals Biological Anthropology of Latin America: Historical Development and Recent Advances

2019 ◽  
pp. iv-385
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
South America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Biological Anthropology ◽  
Health And Nutrition ◽  
History Of Development ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Growth Development

Despite significant positive developments within topics of biological anthropology, archaeology, and related academic areas in Latin America, we noted a lack of coordination and communication among them. Available publications provide syntheses within different areas of biological anthropology, yet few have attempted integration of the distinct subfields. We decided to address the development and current issues of most major areas of Latin American biological anthropology in a single volume with chapters by distinguished, experienced scholars who live and work in Latin America, are knowledgeable about the topics, have published extensively on them, and who were recommended by specialists within six geographical regions of interest: Brazil and northeastern South America, Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean, northwestern South America, and southern South America. Six subdisciplines within biological anthropology were defined for academic coverage: (1) biodemography and epidemiology; (2) bioarchaeology and skeletal biology; (3) paleopathology; (4) forensic anthropology; (5) population genetics; and (6) growth, development, health, and nutrition. Though these six subdisciplines overlap to an extent, each offers a distinct history of development and presents unique issues to address. Chapters generally cover topics of history, the state of knowledge, methodological perspective, and areas in need of additional research. Although the text is in English, abstracts in English, Spanish, and Portuguese are included.

scholarly journals A first phylogenetic analysis reveals a new arboreal tarantula genus from South America with description of a new species and two new species of Tapinauchenius Ausserer, 1871 (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae)

ZooKeys ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 784 ◽  
pp. 59-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Hüsser
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
New Species ◽  
South America ◽  
New Genus ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Amazon Region ◽  
Taxonomic Key ◽  
Two New Species ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
A New Species

Based on molecular and morphological phylogenetic analyses a new genus of Theraphosidae is described,Pseudoclamorisgen. n.TapinaucheniusgigasandTapinaucheniuselenaeare transferred toPseudoclamorisand a new species ofPseudoclamorisfrom the Amazon Region is described:P.burgessisp. n.Two new species ofTapinaucheniusfrom the Caribbean are described:T.rastisp. n.andT.polybotessp. n.Tapinaucheniussubcaeruleusis considered anomen dubium. Psalmopoeinae subfamily is diagnosed based on molecular and morphological phylogenies, andPseudoclamorisgen. n.andEphebopusSimon, 1892 are included. A taxonomic key for Psalmopoeinae generaTapinauchenius,Pseudoclamoris,Psalmopoeus, andEphebopusis provided.

Taxonomy and distribution of Gaultheria in the Caribbean

1976 ◽  
Vol 54 (21) ◽  
pp. 2465-2472 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Hersey ◽  
S. P. Vander Kloet
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Lesser Antilles ◽  
Greater Antilles ◽  
Mexican Origin ◽  
Herbarium Specimens ◽  
South American ◽  
The South ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Living Material

Two species of Gaultheria have been reported from the Caribbean: G. domingensis is said to occur on the Greater Antillean island of Hispaniola and G. sphagnicola, for which the specific names of G. buxifolia and G. anastomosans (both species occurring in South America) have been listed in synonymy, is said to occur on the Lesser Antillean islands of Martinique and Guadeloupe. A close examination of living material from Martinique and of herbarium specimens from Martinique, South America. Hispaniola, and Mexico reveals the following: (1) the Martinique and Guadeloupe group is specifically distinct from the South American G. buxifolia and G. anastomosans groups; (2) the Lesser Antilles group and the Greater Antilles group should be placed in a single species with the name of G. domingensis; and (3) there is evidence for a possible Mexican origin for this one Caribbean species.

scholarly journals Fruit Trait Variation in a Caribbean Germplasm Collection of Aromatic Hot Peppers (Capsicum chinense Jacq.)

HortScience ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 531-538 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah M. Bharath ◽  
Christian Cilas ◽  
Pathmanathan Umaharan
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Germplasm Collection ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Capsicum Chinense ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Southern Caribbean ◽  
Hot Peppers ◽  
The Caribbean

Aromatic hot peppers (Capsicum chinense Jacq.) are an important agricultural commodity for many small-scale farmers in the Caribbean because it is a commercially viable crop and one that is integral to the cuisines of the region. The large variation in fruit shape, size, color, pungency, and aroma of this species facilitates a diverse range of uses. Using 264 accessions from a Caribbean germplasm collection (representing primarily the Caribbean Basin, Central and South America), this study investigated 1) morphological variation in 13 fruit descriptors of agro-economic importance; and 2) morphological groups based on geographic origin. All 13 fruit descriptors showed significant variation. Fruit color [immature (six states) and mature (12 states)] was the most diverse qualitative fruit trait. Among the quantitative traits, fruit weight and fruit width showed the highest broad-sense heritability (0.81), and fruit weight was highly correlated with fruit width and placenta size. Cluster analysis revealed four main clusters, which did not show a clear separation of accessions based on major geographic regions, but there was a highly significant association (P < 0.0001) between geographic subgroups and the clusters to which they were assigned. Most accessions of the Northern Caribbean (particularly the Bahamas and Puerto Rico) separated quite distinctly from most accessions of the Southern Caribbean and clustered with most accessions of Central and South America. Accessions of the Southern Caribbean (Lesser Antilles, Trinidad & Tobago) were substantially more similar to each other than they were to most accessions of Central and South America, thereby suggesting genetic differences between accessions of the Southern Caribbean islands and the mainland populations. Collectively, the results show that this germplasm collection contains useful accessions with desired fruit quality traits and a level of genetic variation that can be used to encourage its active conservation and use for further evaluation trials and crop improvement as well as guide ongoing complementary germplasm introductions to augment the collection’s diversity.

Taxonomic notes on American Heriades Spinola, 1808 and Leioproctus Smith, 1853 (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae, Colletidae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 3591 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
VICTOR H. GONZALEZ ◽  
PAULA A. SEPÚLVEDA ◽  
TERRY L. GRISWOLD
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
First Record ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
Type Locality ◽  
Greater Antilles ◽  
Solitary Bee ◽  
Caribbean Coast ◽  
The Caribbean

The purpose of this paper is to document the males of Leioproctus rosellae Gonzalez in Gonzalez & Florez, 2011 (Colletidae, Paracolletini) and Heriades tayrona Gonzalez & Griswold, 2011 (Megachilidae, Osmiini), two solitary bee species recently described based on females from the Caribbean coast of Colombia. Leioproctus rosellae is currently known only from the holotype, while H. tayrona is known from a few specimens from the type locality. The discovery of these species in northern Colombia considerably extended the distribution of Leioproctus Smith (sensu Michener, 2007) and Heriades Spinola in the Western Hemisphere. In the Americas, Leioproctus was known from Chile and Argentina to central Peru and northeastern Brazil, while Heriades was known from southern Canada to Panama and the Greater Antilles (Michener 2007). The discovery of H. tayrona also represented the first record of the tribe Osmiini for South America.

Climate resilience through natural regeneration in degraded natural forests of south-eastern hilly region of Bangladesh

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 417-425
Author(s):  
Md Khayrul Alam Bhuiyan ◽  
Md Akhter Hossain ◽  
Abdul Kadir Ibne Kamal ◽  
Mohammed Kamal Hossain ◽  
Mohammed Jashimuddin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Natural Regeneration ◽  
Diversity Indices ◽  
Acacia Auriculiformis ◽  
Quantitative Structure ◽  
Natural Forests ◽  
Climate Resilience ◽  
Hilly Region ◽  
Major Cluster ◽  
Ecological Dominance

A study was conducted by using 5m × 5m sized 179 quadrates following multistage random sampling method for comparative regenerating tree species, quantitative structure, diversity, similarity and climate resilience in the degraded natural forests and plantations of Cox's Bazar North and South Forest Divisions. A total of 70 regenerating tree species were recorded representing maximum (47 species) from degraded natural forests followed by 43 species from 0.5 year 39 species from 1.5 year and 29 species from 2.5 year old plantations. Quantitative structure relating to ecological dominance indicated dominance of Acacia auriculiformis, Grewia nervosa and Lithocarpus elegans seedlings in the plantations whereas seedlings of Aporosa wallichii, Suregada multiflora and Grewia nervosa in degraded natural forests. The degraded natural forests possess higher natural regeneration potential as showed by different diversity indices. The dominance-based cluster analysis showed 2 major cluster of species under one of which multiple sub-clusters of species exists. Poor plant diversity and presence of regenerating exotic species in the plantations indicated poor climate resilience of forest ecosystem in terms of natural regeneration.

Animal taxa named for Rollo H. Beck

2014 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary M. Fellers
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
South America ◽  
Southern California ◽  
American Museum ◽  
Type Specimens ◽  
California Academy ◽  
Vertebrate Zoology ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

Rollo Howard Beck (1870–1950) was a professional bird collector who spent most of his career on expeditions to the Channel Islands off southern California, the Galápagos Islands, South America, the South Pacific, and the Caribbean. Some of the expeditions lasted as long as ten years during which time he and his wife, Ida, were often working in primitive conditions on sailing vessels or camps set up on shore. Throughout these expeditions, Beck collected specimens for the California Academy of Sciences, the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology at Berkeley (California), the American Museum of Natural History, and the Walter Rothschild Museum at Tring, England. Beck was one of the premier collectors of his time and his contributions were recognized by having 17 taxa named becki in his honor. Of these taxa, Beck collected 15 of the type specimens.

Genetic polymorphism and population structure ofEchinococcus ortleppi

Parasitology ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 144 (4) ◽  
pp. 450-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. ADDY ◽  
M. WASSERMANN ◽  
F. BANDA ◽  
H. MBAYA ◽  
J. ASCHENBORN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Polymorphism ◽  
South America ◽  
Southern Africa ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Intraspecific Variability ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Eastern And Southern Africa

SUMMARYThe zoonotic cestodeEchinococcus ortleppi(Lopez-Neyra and Soler Planas, 1943) is mainly transmitted between dogs and cattle. It occurs worldwide but is only found sporadically in most regions, with the notable exception of parts of southern Africa and South America. Its epidemiology is little understood and the extent of intraspecific variability is unknown. We have analysed in the present study the genetic diversity among 178E. ortleppiisolates from sub-Saharan Africa, Europe and South America using the complete mitochondrialcox1(1608 bp) andnad1(894 bp) DNA sequences. Genetic polymorphism within the loci revealed 15cox1and sixnad1haplotypes, respectively, and 20 haplotypes of the concatenated genes. Presence of most haplotypes was correlated to geographical regions, and only one haplotype had a wider spread in both eastern and southern Africa. Intraspecific microvariance was low in comparison withEchinococcus granulosussensu stricto, despite the wide geographic range of examined isolates. In addition, the various sub-populations showed only subtle deviation from neutrality and were mostly genetically differentiated. This is the first insight into the population genetics of the enigmatic cattle adaptedEchinococcus ortleppi. It, therefore, provides baseline data for biogeographical comparison amongE. ortleppiendemic regions and for tracing its translocation paths.

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