scholarly journals Management tools for implementation and monitoring of requirements for enforcement of reducing sulphur oxides on ships: Latvia and Lithuania cases

2021 ◽  
Vol XXIV (1) ◽  
pp. 225-239
Author(s):  
INOZEMCEVA Anastasia
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Lung Diseases ◽  
Main Type ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Ship Emissions ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Management Tools ◽  
Sulphur Oxides ◽  
Bunker Oil ◽  
Crude Oil Distillation

The main type of bunker oil for ships is heavy fuel oil, derived as а residue from crude oil distillation. Crude oil contains sulphur which, following combustion in the engine, ends up in ship emissions. Sulphur oxides (SOx) are known to be harmful to human health, causing respiratory symptoms and lung diseases. Limiting SOx emissions from ships will improve air quality and protect the environment. From 1 January 2020, the limit for sulphur in fuel oil used on board ships operating outside designated emission control areas is reduced to 0,50% m/m. However, there are varying degrees of readiness among port and flag states for implementation and monitoring of requirements for enforcement of reducing Sulphur oxides on ships. In this paper are described management tools of states for implementing the inspection on Sulphur in ships fuel, analysed the states institutions activities for the enforcement of reducing Sulphur oxides on ships, and indicated the possibilities of increasing effectiveness of the management tools in Latvia and Lithuania.

Gas phase carbonyl compounds in ship emissions: Differences between diesel fuel and heavy fuel oil operation

2014 ◽  
Vol 94 ◽  
pp. 467-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed A. Reda ◽  
J. Schnelle-Kreis ◽  
J. Orasche ◽  
G. Abbaszade ◽  
J. Lintelmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Phase ◽  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Carbonyl Compounds ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Ship Emissions ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil

scholarly journals Mimicking the Crude Oil and Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) Demulsification Process in Power Plants for Preparing a New Demulsifiers

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 165-180
Author(s):  
Faris Moayed Ahmed Hamdy ◽  
Abdullatif Mohammed Raouf ◽  
Israa Abdulsatar Esmael ◽  
Laith Hamza Thuaban ◽  
Nadia Fakhry Ibraheem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Wash Water ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Industrial Facilities ◽  
Oil Emulsions ◽  
Demulsification Process

Water–in–oil emulsions are a big challenge in the production and processing of crude oil due to its bad influence on the fundamental and practical aspects of industrial facilities. Researches for decades gave this phenomena a great deal in the planning to construct power plants, refineries, oil companies and other industrial facilities that uses crude oil as a raw material. In order to overcome the disadvantages and hazards of water–in–oil emulsions researchers used chemical, electrical, thermal and mechanical methods individually or in combination. The chemical method has gained the main interest due to its ease of use and economic feasibility. Demulsifiers have been used extensively to solve the problem of water in oil emulsions. The choice of using the right combination of chemicals had been reached after studying many factors such as cost and safety. This research addresses many fundamental and practical aspects regarding demulsifiers and oil demulsification aiming to find the best selection of chemicals that can be used to treat crude oil before using, refining or transporting it. The crude oil in this research had been demulsified and tested by the spectroil test method while the bottle test method had not been used to mimic the demulsification process used in power plant. The work was carried out using two types of oil, crude oil (containing 7 ppm Na and K salts concentration) and heavy fuel oil HFO (containing 12 ppm Na and K salts concentration). The crude oil samples were taken from Al – Hilla 2 power plant while the HFO samples were taken from South Baghdad 2 power plant. The results showed that the water miscible chemicals and chemicals with sufficient solubility that used as a demulsifiers like the acrylic derivatives gave the best demulsification when using more wash water percentage. While the combination of water miscible chemicals and chemicals with sufficient solubility and oil soluble chemicals gave the best results in treating heavy fuel oil while using less wash water percentage.

Comparison and Assessment of Waste Generated during Oil Spills

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 (1) ◽  
pp. 1647-1658 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Wadsworth
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Oil Spill ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Deepwater Horizon ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Contingency Planning ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Effective Response ◽  
Spilled Oil

ABSTRACT Experience has shown that the most time-consuming and costly component of a response to an oil spill is often the treatment or disposal of collected waste. The amount of waste generated is dependent on many factors, some which may be controlled more readily during the response. This paper analyses a number of important incidents as a result of which spilled oil affected shoreline resources with significant resultant clean-up effort. Spills of crude oil and of heavy fuel oil carried as cargo in tankers are reviewed to determine the types and volumes of waste generated and the clean-up methods undertaken to generate that waste. A comparison of the incidents will allow the most effective response methods to be determined, to show the techniques that generated the least volumes of waste. Data from DEEPWATER HORIZON is included to allow a discussion of the associated response. To achieve a practical comparison, the amount of waste is balanced against the amount of oil spilled to determine the oil:waste ratio. This ratio has evolved over many years into a long held guideline, used often for the purpose of contingency planning, that the amount of waste generated during an incident is approximately ten times the amount of oil spilled. This paper shows that with appropriate response actions, the guideline can be upheld.

Assessment of Oil Burning Efficiency- Development of a Burning Bench

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 (1) ◽  
pp. 299723 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronan JEZEQUEL
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Exhaust System ◽  
Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Family Separation ◽  
Pm 2.5 ◽  
Sorptive Extraction ◽  
Pm 10 ◽  
Offshore Oil

Since the Deepwater Horizon spill (2010), the controlled In Situ Burning (ISB) of oil has demonstrated to be a possible solution to treat offshore oil spill. As other techniques usually deployed (mechanical recovery, dispersion), ISB efficiency depends on various parameters such as the oil nature, its evaporation degree, water content. In order to assess the influence of these parameters on the ignitability and burning efficiency, an experimental device was developed at Cedre. The burning bench comprises a burning cell which was created to avoid any boilover phenomenon. Glass barriers, specific hood and plume exhaust system complete the device to ensure safety conditions. Burning tests are conducted on a 100 mL volume of oil sample. During the combustion, the flame is characterized by using various temperature probes set at different heights. In addition, temperature of seawater is also recorded during each test. A gravimetric impactor is mounted in the hood to collect continuously the particles produced during the burning and afterwards to quantify the PM 2.5, PM 10 and PAH content in the soot. At the end of a burning test, residues are collected and quantified after solvent extraction. Different analyses are then performed on the residues: density, viscosity, simulated distillation, chemical family separation (saturates, aromatics, resins, asphaltens), PAH and alkanes distribution and content, … Potential PAH transfer from the oil to the water column is measured after SBSE (Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction) of water samples and quantification by GC-MS. During the burning bench development, many tests were performed on different products (light refined products, fresh crude oil, weathered crude oil, heavy fuel oil, …). The preliminary results highlighted a very good reproducibility of the tests. For the refined product, more than 70% of the product burnt. For most of the fresh crude oils tested, the burning efficiency was between 50 and 60%. While testing heavy fuel or weathered product, the burning efficiency never exceeded 40%. In addition, different burning techniques were investigated such as igniter efficiency, compressed air influence, thermo resistant sorbent efficiency, …

Gas phase carbonyl compounds in ship emissions: Differences between diesel fuel and heavy fuel oil operation

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 ◽  
pp. 370-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed A. Reda ◽  
J. Schnelle-Kreis ◽  
J. Orasche ◽  
G. Abbaszade ◽  
J. Lintelmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Phase ◽  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Carbonyl Compounds ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Ship Emissions ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil

Fuel Oil

1986 ◽  
Vol 4 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 125-134
Author(s):  
Richard R. Dickinson
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Petroleum Industry ◽  
Oil Prices ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Natural Gas Prices ◽  
Oil And Natural Gas

As the price of petroleum has increased, the power industry has displaced a great deal of more expensive petroleum and natural gas with coal and nuclear power. The petroleum industry has installed processing facilities to upgrade its heavy fuel oil to make lighter products. These two actions, when combined, have effectively resulted in producing clean products indirectly from coal. A profitable synfuels industry has been created by the refining and power industries without conscious direction on their part—and without government support. The net effect has been to substantially reduce demand for both crude oil and natural gas, stretching future supplies of petroleum energy. This displacement has contributed to the temporary bubble in natural gas and the present oversupply of crude oil, creating downward price pressures on both crude oil and products. Even so, fuel oil prices have remained relatively stable because the industry has installed sufficient capability through its refinery improvements to upgrade fuel oil into more clean products, thereby reducing production of heavy fuel oil. In the future, we can expect the interaction among these fuels to continue to exert their effects. Since there are many consumers who can use either natural gas or fuel oil, their prices will remain tied to each other. Fuel oil prices will set the upper limits to which the burner tip price of natural gas can rise. Conversely, natural gas prices will tend to set the floor under fuel oil prices.

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