Petroleum Hydrocarbon Quarterly Boiling Range Distribution of Iraqi Crude Oil by Simulated Distillation Method

This study includes analysis of different crude oil stock for various field Iraqi oil by gas chromatography instrument, using simulated distillation technique for determining the initial and final boiling point distribution and specified compound distillation information (normal paraffins) (Recovery W/W) for (nC5 – nC44), ASTM-D5307 becomes the analytical method. This method need tow samples; the first one spiked with internal standard and the second without internal standard. This analysis for quantitative and qualitative oil characterization which is often useful for evaluating the range of hydrocarbons in crude oil using Simulated Distillation. The study was performed using: Quarterly analysis of SIMDIS GC Distillation for three field (East Baghdad, Badra, Amara) Comparison of analyzes of SIMDIS GC Distillation with Different API (light, intermediate, heavy) with Initial boiling point (IBP). Finding experimental relationship between API and Initial boiling point (IBP): The result of this study shows that the boiling point increase as the number of carbon is increase, the values of n-Pentane (nC5) to n- Tetratetracontane (nC44) (w/w) changes from winter and summer (difference in temperatures), Positive correlation between C6 and C5 with API, where their percentages increase with increasing API for crude oil and C6 and C5 are lower in summer than in winter due to the evaporation of light components of the samples in summer. Initial boiling point increase as the API is decrease that mean in crude oil have heavy component increases and light component decrease (inverse relationship).

الإطار القانوني لصلاحية شركة توزيع المنتجات النفطية في الرقابة على تنفيذ العقود النفطية، دراسة تحليلية

إن سلطة الرقابة أثناء تنفيذ العقود النفطية لا يمكن النظر إليها كرخصة لشركة توزيع المنتجات النفطية تستطيع استعمالها متى تشاء أو تتركها متى تشاء، بل أن هذه السلطة واجب على شركة توزيع المنتجات النفطية ممارستها بحكم هيمنتها على تنظيم سير المرفق العام، وما يتطلبه ذلك من تطبيق المبادئ التي تحكم سير المرافق كضمان حسن سيرها بإنتظام وإضطراد. تتجلى مظاهر سلطة الإدارة في الرقابة أثناء تنفيذ العقود النفطية بوضوح عند النص عليها في القوانين والأنظمة والتعليمات أو في العقد، وهذه الصورة النموذجية لممارسة الإدارة لهذه السلطة، كما نجد سلطة الرقابة صداها خارج النصوص، أي حتى في حالة سكوت العقد والنصوص التنظيمية، إذ إن شركة توزيع المنتجات النفطية مسؤولة عن أداء الخدمات وإشباع الحاجات العامة بشكل منتظم، وذلك عن طريق قيام المتعاقد بتشييد وتشغيل محطات التعبئة وتوزيع المنتجات النقطية، ومن ثمّ فهي سلطة أصلية، وضمانة مهمة لصالح المرفق العام.

تقييم السحنات الدقيقة لتكوين قره جيني (الترياسي المتأخر) وسيناريو تطور حوضه الرسوبي في شمالي وشمال غربي العراق

يركز البحث الحالي على تقييم السحنات الدقيقة لتكوين قره جيني (الترياسي المتأخر) في أربعة ابار نفطية، هي: قند (Kd-1) وعين زاله (29AZ-) وبطمة (Bm-15) وعلان (Aa-2). ويتألف التكوين من تعاقب من الحجر الجيري البني الداكن والمسود والدولومايت والانهايدرايت والاشرطة السجيلية. وبالإضافة الى السحنتين الانهايدرايتية والسجيلية فقد ميزت عشرة سحنات كاربونايتية دقيقة تبعاً للمحتوى الاحيائي والصخري والنسيج. واعتماداً على نتائج السحنات الدقيقة والصخارية، تبين ان تكوين قره جيني قد ترسب تحت طيف واسع من البيئات الترسيبية ضمن مواقع المنزلقات الكاربونايتية. وتعد ترسبات المزلق الداخلي هي الأكثر شيوعاً ضمن تعاقبات التكوين في بئري عين زاله وعلان. بينما تظهر ترسبات المزلقين الأوسط والخارجي، فضلاً عن ترسبات المزلق الداخلي، بوضوح ضمن تعاقبات بئري بطمه وقند. واستنادا الى سطوح عدم التوافق فقد قُسم التكوين الى ثلاث وحدات طباقية، تبدأ بعمر الكاريني المبكر ضمن الترياسي المتأخر وتنتهي في الجوراسي المبكر. ويتباين سمك هذه الوحدات في مقاطع الدراسة، وذلك نظراً لتباين الأحداث التكتونية ومعدلات التجلس.

The Seismic Interpretation for (X) Oil Field Depending on 3D Seismic Data of Nearby Oil Field, Southern Iraq

This research focused on using seismic data to review the structure of the (X) Oil Field, located 40 km SW of Basrah, Southern Iraq. The study utilises a 3D seismic survey conducted during 2011-2012, covering the (Y) Oil Field 2 km to the west, and with partial coverage across (X), to map the Top Zubair reflector. Seismic rock properties analysis was conducted on key (X) Oil Field wells and used to tie the Top Zubair reflector on (X) Oil Field. The reflector was mapped within the time domain using DecisionSpace Software, and then converted to depth using a velocity model. The depth structure map was then compared to the original oil water contact (OOWC) across the fields to understand the potential structural closure of the Top Zubair reservoir in both fields.

Improving the Performance of Split Air Conditioner by Adding Nano Silver to the Compressor Oil

A high demand on the energy and power has brought scholars more attention to investigate new ways to reduce the energy consumption. The aim of this research is reducing the power consumption required for air conditioning to cool the room by adding nanomaterials to the compressor oil at a mass concentration of 0.15%. Two models of chambers with dimensions (2 x 2 x 2) meters were fabricated to represent the test section and connected to a 1ton compressor, one operating with natural oil as a standard basis for comparison, while the other one with Nano-oil prepared in the laboratory. The mass concentrations of 0.15% of silver nanoparticles (Ag) were prepared, and the stability of the nanoparticles was tested by direct observation for different time periods. The results indicated that the performance of the air conditioner was better with the addition of nanoparticles to the compressor oil compared to the pure oil in the compressor. Reducing energy consumption in the cooling system by (19%). Also, it was found that there is an increase in the cooling speed of the nanotechnology system by (6%)as well as in the efficiency of the Nano-oil system compared to the regular system by (13%). This study showed that the thermophysical properties of the cooling oil increased by increasing the weight ratios of solid nanoparticles by (12%).

Synthesis and Characterization of High Surface Area Nano Titanium Dioxide

TiO2 and TiO2-Al2O3 nanoparticles were synthesized via sol-gel method using hydrolysis of Titanium tetraisopropoxide (TTIP) with ethanol and water mixture as titania source. TiO2-Al2O3 Nano-composite was successfully synthesized using the sol-gel technique. Tetraisopropoxide and aluminium isopropoxide were used to prepare TiO2-Al2O3. All prepared samples calcination were conducted at different temperature (400 to 700) oC. The synthesized TiO2 and TiO2-Al2O3 nanocomposites were then characterized by XRD, AFM, BET surface area, SEM, XRF. XRD, the analysis showed that the presence of alumina (Al2O3) in the TiO2 has an effect on crystal size, particles size, surface area, and crystal phases; The XRD result revealed that the prepared TiO2 nanoparticles were anatase phase at 400oC, and 500oC, and transformed to rutile from 600oC to 700oC, but after addition of alumina TiO2 was of anatase phase, without any rutile at all calcination temperatures, also, the addition of alumina leads to a significant decrease in the crystal size, particles size, especially at high temperatures while the surface area of pure titanium was increased, and this corresponds to the results of the AFM and SEM. The best-obtained surface area was 355.18 m2/ gm. with 34.98 nm of average particle size at 500oC in comparison with pure nano titanium dioxide

Continuous Separation Process of Water-in-Crude Oil Emulsion by Simultaneous Application of an Electrical Field Combined with a Novel Absorbent Based on Functionalised PolyHIPE Polymer

During the extraction process of crude oil, the removal of water from a high stability water-in-crude oil emulsions is life-threatening for the production of a profitable product. However, several technologies of separation exist today, e.g. stripping columns, centrifugal separators, coalescence separators, vacuum distillation systems and gravity separators, almost all of these approaches are not able to completely remove water from water-in-crude oil emulsions besides their high cost. In this study, the preparation of a high internal phase emulsion (HIPE) was achieved on a laboratory scale. Subsequently, it was polymerized and sulphonated to produce a hydrophilic macroporous polyHIPE polymer (PHP) called silane (vinyl trimethoxy silane) PHP with a relatively high surface area of 104 m 2/g. It demonstrates high water absorption capability in addition to its ability to remove surface active substances such as Mg, Ca, Na and Cl, from crude oil which cause crude oil emulsification. The rates of demulsification of water-in-crude oil emulsions were examined in high AC field under various emulsion inlet flow rates from 100 ml/min to 1500 ml/min and different applied voltages from 1-5 kV (equivalent to 14-69 kV/m) by using a model of an electrostatic separator combined with silane PHP as absorber. It was found that the best separation efficiency was 91% with applied voltage of 5 kV and emulsion inlet flow rate of 100 ml/min. When the spent silane PHP was reused in the demulsification process under similar conditions, a separation efficiency of up to 73% was achieved. Also, it was noticed that the separation efficiency was increased with the increase in applied voltage and reduction in the inlet flow rate of emulsion. Moreover, the original or spent silane PHP were able to remove the undesired metals present in the crude oil. Keywords: Demulsification; Emulsion flow rate; Separation efficiency; Electrostatic Separator; Electric field strength.

Iraq Crude Oil Exports – October, November, December/ 2019

Table 1. Iraq Crude Oil Exports – October 2019 Table 2. Iraq Crude Oil Exports – November 2019 Table 3. Iraq Crude Oil Exports – December 2019

Synthesis of Hematite Nano Material and Its Effect on Properties of Water Based Drilling Mud

The worldwide use of nanotechnology in most industries, such as in oil and gas industries, the world now has been directed towards introducing this modern technology in drilling fluids for the purpose of reaching and extracting hydrocarbons that exist at high depth where high temperatures and high pressure present using this technology to achieve the required mud properties with lowest cost. In this research, the particles of Nano hematite were prepared in laboratory using two methods, the first method by chemical reaction between iron nitrate (Fe (NO3)3• 9H2O) and ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH), after that, prepared Nano-materials were subjected to AFM, XRD testing in order to investigate the size and type of particles, the investigations showed that the formed particles were Fe2O3 (<100nm). The second method is similar to the first method except adding (CTAB) material in order to reduce the interfacial tension leading to 4.5nm Nano-material. Three samples of drilling mud were prepared, the first sample was prepared from water and bentonite only, the second sample was prepared from water, bentonite and nano (prepared from first method), the third samples was prepared from water, bentonite and nano (prepared from second method), rheological properties, filtration, density, lubricity, sagging and magnetism properties were measured by analyzing and comparing the results. The results were obtained showed that the small effect of nano material filtration, density, lubricity, and sagging properties, except the viscosity increase when the second sample of Nano hematite was added to the mud prepared from water and bentonite. Also, the magnetism increase when the second sample of nano hematite was added to the mud prepared from water and bentonite, due to the difference in the molecular arrangement caused by the presence of CTAB.

Biodiesel Production using Synthesized HY Zeolite Catalyst

Biodiesel was produced using oleic acid esterification and transesterification of the sunflower oil methods. Many different factors affecting production procedures were studied such as reaction temperature, the molar ratio of ethanol to oil, reaction time and concentration of HY catalyst. Different techniques such as TGA, FTIR and Mass spectroscopy were used to syntheses biodiesel. Results showed that 78% of oleic acid maximum conversion was obtained at a temperature of 70oC with molar ratio 12:1 ethanol: oil with 5 wt.% catalysts at 90 min reaction time, while for sunflower oil conversion of 98% at 200oC with 5 weight ratio of ethanol: oil at a time of 3 h was successfully obtained.