scholarly journals Challenges and environmental issues in developing hydrocarbon resources in the World ocean

2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 485-495
Author(s):  
V. N. Ekzaryan ◽  
A. K. Akhmadiev
Keyword(s):  
Deep Sea ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
World Ocean ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Marine Biodiversity ◽  
Development Trends ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Geological Processes ◽  
The World ◽  
Ocean Environment

The oil and gas industry has been evolving for 150 years. Despite the predictions on the diminishing role of hydrocarbons in the second half of the 21st century, today they play a leading role in the global energy sector. In view of this there is some interest to study current development trends of the industry. This paper reviews and analyses data for the period from 2011 to 2021, which relate to the development of hydrocarbon resources in the marine and ocean environment. It was important for the authors to consider how the trends they highlighted are affecting or will affect ecosystems. The conducted research has showed that today there are three main development trends in hydrocarbon mining in the World ocean: development of the marine Arctic, continental shelf and the possibility to organize commercial production in the deep sea areas of the World ocean. For each of the directions both existing and potential ecological risks have been identified. They include loss of marine biodiversity, activation of dangerous geological processes, unpredictability of ocean environment, man-made accidents and disasters, discharges of drilling and other industrial waste, etc. The work has also identified the challenges facing the oil and gas industry. These include the search for new technologies for deep-sea production, poorly understood depth of the World ocean, need for new approaches in environmental risk management, as well as the creation of a legal framework for subsoil use regulation in new environments and areas.

A Comparison of Double Block and Bleed Technologies

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angus Bowie
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
The World ◽  
Maintenance Activities ◽  
True Definition ◽  
Plant Shutdown

Double Block and Bleed is a term often used in the oil and gas industry to define a level of isolation sufficient to perform maintenance activities. The true definition relates to incumbent valves providing two proven levels of isolation against the outboard pressure to permit breaching of containment in the isolated pipe. This paper assesses how temporary isolation devices can provide equivalent isolation where incumbent valves do not exist at appropriate locations in the system. It reviews the different interpretations of Double Block and Bleed used within the industry and compares how different isolation devices are assessed in relation to the level of isolation they provide. It will reference several examples from around the world of where temporary isolation devices have been used to replace valves and perform repairs in trunk pipelines without depressurising the whole pipeline. It will also cover examples of isolating live process pipe to perform maintenance activities outside plant shutdown.

LNG as marine fuel – where technology meets logistics

2018 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 593
Author(s):  
Douglas Raitt
Keyword(s):  
Deep Sea ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Main Mode ◽  
Marine Fuel ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Trade Routes ◽  
Human Element ◽  
Conventional Oil

Following the establishment of the ‘LNG Marine Fuel Institute’ in Australia and research projects on alternative fuelling of ore carriers operating out of Australia, the focus of the marine and oil and gas industry is turning increasingly towards the adoption of liquefied natural gas (LNG) as a fuel oil. The development of LNG bunkering facilities on Australian soil followed. For LNG to be a viable option for deep sea shipping, it is all about infrastructure, technology and the human element. Thus far, LNG as fuel oil was only applied on LNG carriers; outside of that, LNG has mainly been used for short sea applications, which are tightly controlled from a technical and human element perspective mainly through shore-to-ship custody transfer. For deep sea shipping however, the infrastructure needs to be in place to allow regular refuelling options on various global shipping trade routes. It is anticipated that for deep sea shipping, the main mode of LNG fuelling will be through ship-to-ship custody transfers with required risk management. LNG bunkering technology standards and procedures are largely maturing, and efforts are underway to harmonise these standards globally to allow for flexible fuelling locations for ships traversing large distances. The remaining challenge will be to enhance a ship’s crew competence. The level of sophistication required of a crew for LNG bunkering is not something attained thus far in conventional oil bunkering and needs to be addressed. Continuous Competence Management Systems taking LNG cargo trading vessel experience into account, together with the ‘Standards of Training Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers’ requirements, is vital for the safe development of gas bunkering for deep sea shipping.

scholarly journals Analyzing the Impact of Covid-19 on the Oil and Gas Industry: A Case Study of Petronas

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 26-33
Author(s):  
Daisy Mui Hung Kee ◽  
Nur Amira Liyana ◽  
Zhang LuXin ◽  
Nur Atikah ◽  
Ninie Alwanis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Questionnaire Survey ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Oil Price ◽  
Sharp Drop ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact

As a result of the Covid-19 epidemic, every industry in the world has been greatly affected. We took Malaysia's Petronas as an example to analyze how oil and gas industries were impacted by such a difficult international situation. This paper investigated how Covid-19 affected Petronas and how it responded to the sharp drop in oil price. In a questionnaire survey, we listed the problems that Petronas may face in this outbreak.

scholarly journals Derailed locomotive? Petrobras investments and economic growth in Brazil

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 47
Author(s):  
Raíssa Fernandes Yabiko ◽  
Rosemarie Bröker Bone
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
State Enterprise ◽  
Capital Expenditures ◽  
Gdp Growth ◽  
Large Share ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
The World

<p>Petrobras is the largest firm in Brazil and one of the largest in the world. Its investment plans are among the biggest in the oil and gas industry, focused in Brazil and on E&amp;P. Petrobras is responsible for a large share of gross capital formation and gross domestic product (GDP) growth in the country. The correlation between its investments and the country investment and GDP growth is above 0.8 and shows the dependency of the economy to Petrobras activity. At the same time, as a state enterprise it has been a tool of macroeconomic policy. In the 2010´s its gasoline and diesel prices were frozen to keep inflation down. The recent crisis in the company, including corruption scandals and oil price slump increased debt levels and reduced its capital expenditures. The sale of assets directive since 2016 is required to reduce its net debt. While a medium to long term survival strategy, the change in Petrobras’ investment profile may decrease the prospects of GDP growth in the Brazilian economy.</p>

Development of Global Contract for In-Line Inspection

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen R. Gower ◽  
Jude Moore
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
The World ◽  
Exploration And Production ◽  
Process Work ◽  
The Right

In-Line inspection has increasingly been used across the oil and gas industry over the past 30 years as a key part of pipeline integrity programmes. Whilst the industry has started to develop standards through the ILI Association and the Pipeline Operators Forum the way in which the industry selects tools and contractors has not developed to the same extent. A significant amount of time is spent managing the procurement process rather than focusing on the selection of the right tools and ensuring they perform to expectations. The challenge is further exacerbated when operations are dispersed globally and involve many different operating relationships. BP has been a user of ILI technology since its introduction in the late 1970s and it has consistently grown in importance to BP in managing the integrity of an aging pipeline asset base. In 2006/2007 BP’s Exploration and Production Technology Group (EPTG) in conjunction with the Procurement and Supply Chain Management group (PSCM) carried out a review of its procurement arrangements across the globe for pipeline ILI to ascertain best practice and capture key lessons. It also gathered experience from other strategic long term supply chain initiatives around the BP Group to help inform and develop the ILI strategy. Early discussions held with ILI Suppliers confirmed that, whilst regional frameworks have been in place in some countries, extending this to a global operation would be breaking new ground in engaging ILI services and would be of benefit to both ends of the supply chain. The process not only needed to follow rigorous supply chain procedures that would meet EU Procurement Directives and BP Group requirements, it also had to meet the specific requirements of many Countries around the world. It was recognised that flexibility would be required to accommodate the introduction of new tools, developing technology and accommodate new areas of operation. BP also wanted to stimulate continuous improvement in ILI tool performance and application of innovative improved technology. More significantly a key objective of the Global Contract was to drive inspection quality and consistency, whilst maintaining a competitive but equitable pricing strategy. Successful implementation was not just about delivering a contract scope of work; it required the development of relationships and a common understanding so that when problems arise they can be resolved quickly and efficiently. This required a significant amount of work engaging both the ILI Contractors and Operating Units across the world in the process. Work on developing the Global ILI Contract was successfully concluded with contract awards in late 2007. The paper explores some of the challenges, lessons learnt and benefits of developing a Global Contract for ILI.

Monitoring of Methane Emissions in Oil and Gas from Space: Matching Needs with Satellite System Capability, and Advantages of High Resolution Monitoring

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Francois Gauthier
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Detection Threshold ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Satellite System ◽  
Methane Emissions ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Satellite Systems ◽  
The World

Abstract Satellites are a powerful tool in monitoring methane emissions around the world. In the last five years, many new systems have been both announced and deployed, each with different capabilities and designed for a specific purpose. With an increase in options also comes confusion as to how these systems can and should be used, especially in meeting the needs of the oil and gas industry. This paper will examine the different satellite systems available and explain what information they are best suited to provide. The performance parameters of several current and future satellite systems will be presented and supported with recent examples when available. For example, the importance of factors like frequency of revisit, detection threshold, and spatial resolution will be discussed and contrasted with the needs of the oil and gas industry in gaining a more complete understanding of its methane emissions and enabling action to mitigate them. Results from GHGSat's second generation of high-resolution satellites displaying measurements of methane plumes at oil and gas facilities around the world will be presented to demonstrate some of the advantages of the technology. These two satellites, GHGSat-C1 and C2 (Iris and Hugo), were launched in September 2020 and January 2021 respectively and have started delivering a tenfold improvement in performance after incorporating the lessons learned from their predecessor, GHGSat's demonstration satellite Claire. Finally, the ability of these systems to work together and complement each other's capabilities to provide actionable insight to the oil and gas industry will be discussed.

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