A Study on the Nature of Genes Controlling Hybrid Vigor, as It Affects Silking Time and Plant Height, in Maize 1

1949 ◽  
Vol 41 (7) ◽  
pp. 309-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yun‐Kuei Yang
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Hybrid Vigor

scholarly journals Plant trait heterosis is quantitatively associated with expression heterosis of the plastid ribosomal proteins

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Devon Birdseye ◽  
Laura A. de Boer ◽  
Hua Bai ◽  
Peng Zhou ◽  
Zhouxin Shen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Ribosomal Proteins ◽  
Protein Complexes ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽  
Hybrid Vigor ◽  
Maize Hybrids ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Plant Trait ◽  
Elevated Expression

AbstractThe use of hybrids is widespread in agriculture, yet the molecular basis for hybrid vigor (heterosis) remains obscure. To identify molecular components that may contribute to the known higher photosynthetic capacity of maize hybrids, we generated paired datasets of the proteomes and transcriptomes from leaf tissues of maize hybrids and their inbred parents. Expression patterns in the hybrids were semi-dominant to overdominant for subunits of the digenomic protein complexes required for the light reactions of photosynthesis and for chloroplast protein synthesis; nuclear and plastid-encoded subunits were elevated similarly. These patterns were not mirrored in the nuclear transcriptomes. We compared growth to transcript and protein levels of multiple hybrids with varying levels of heterosis. Expression heterosis (hybrid/mid-parent expression levels) of chloroplast ribosomal proteins and of nuclear transcripts for the photosynthetic light reactions was positively correlated with plant height heterosis (hybrid/mid-parent plant height). Ethylene biosynthetic enzymes were expressed below mid-parent levels in the hybrids, and the ethylene biosynthesis mutant acs2/acs6 partially phenocopied the hybrid proteome, indicating that a reduction in ethylene biosynthesis may be upstream of the elevated expression of photosynthetic and ribosomal proteins in chloroplasts of hybrids.

scholarly journals Heterosis for Horticultural Traits in Broccoli

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 990C-990
Author(s):  
Anna L. Hale ◽  
Mark W. Farnham
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Oleracea ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Inbred Lines ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Hybrid Vigor ◽  
Plant Vigor ◽  
Horticultural Traits ◽  
Predominant Type ◽  
Head Weight ◽  
Almost All

Over the last 3 decades, broccoli (Brassica oleracea L., Italica Group) hybrids made by crossing two inbred lines replaced open-pollinated populations to become the predominant type of cultivar. The change to hybrids evolved with little or no understanding of heterosis or hybrid vigor in this crop. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to determine levels of heterosis expressed by a set of hybrids derived by crossing relatively elite, modern inbreds (n = 9). A total of 36 hybrids formed by crossing nine parents were evaluated for horticultural characters, including head weight, head stem diameter, plant height, plant width (in a row), and maturity (e.g., days from transplant to harvest) in four environments. When averaged across all four environments, roughly half of the hybrids exhibited high parent heterosis for head weight (1 to 30 g) and stem diameter (0.2 to 3.5 cm). Almost all hybrids showed high parent heterosis for plant height (1 to 10 cm) and width (2 to 13 cm). Unlike other traits, there was negative heterosis for maturity, indicating that heterosis for this character in hybrids is expressed as earliness. With modern broccoli inbreds, heterosis for head characteristics appears less important than for traits that measure plant vigor.

scholarly journals Plant height heterosis is quantitatively associated with expression levels of plastid ribosomal proteins

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (47) ◽  
pp. e2109332118
Author(s):  
Devon Birdseye ◽  
Laura A. de Boer ◽  
Hua Bai ◽  
Peng Zhou ◽  
Zhouxin Shen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Ribosomal Proteins ◽  
Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽  
Hybrid Vigor ◽  
Adult Plant ◽  
Biosynthetic Enzymes ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Hybrid Seedling ◽  
Molecular Components ◽  
Seedling Leaf

The use of hybrids is widespread in agriculture, yet the molecular basis for hybrid vigor (heterosis) remains obscure. To identify molecular components that may contribute to trait heterosis, we analyzed paired proteomic and transcriptomic data from seedling leaf and mature leaf blade tissues of maize hybrids and their inbred parents. Nuclear- and plastid-encoded subunits of complexes required for protein synthesis in the chloroplast and for the light reactions of photosynthesis were expressed above midparent and high-parent levels, respectively. Consistent with previous reports in Arabidopsis, ethylene biosynthetic enzymes were expressed below midparent levels in the hybrids, suggesting a conserved mechanism for heterosis between monocots and dicots. The ethylene biosynthesis mutant, acs2/acs6, largely phenocopied the hybrid proteome, indicating that a reduction in ethylene biosynthesis may mediate the differences between inbreds and their hybrids. To rank the relevance of expression differences to trait heterosis, we compared seedling leaf protein levels to the adult plant height of 15 hybrids. Hybrid/midparent expression ratios were most positively correlated with hybrid/midparent plant height ratios for the chloroplast ribosomal proteins. Our results show that increased expression of chloroplast ribosomal proteins in hybrid seedling leaves is mediated by reduced expression of ethylene biosynthetic enzymes and that the degree of their overexpression in seedlings can quantitatively predict adult trait heterosis.

scholarly journals Inheritance of Internode Length and its Relation to Head Exsertion and Head Size in Broccoli

1995 ◽  
Vol 120 (2) ◽  
pp. 292-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
James R. Baggett ◽  
Deborah Kean ◽  
Kathryn Kasimor
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Inbred Lines ◽  
Internode Length ◽  
Hybrid Vigor ◽  
Principal Characteristic ◽  
Parent Plant ◽  
Head Weight ◽  
Total Plant ◽  
High Head ◽  
Selection For

Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. Italica Group) lines with heads borne above the foliage (exserted) favorably for mechanical harvest were crossed with inbred lines with nonexserted heads. Length of the heads, defined as the portion of the plant above the highest major leaf, was ≈50% of the total plant height in short and tall parents and all plants of the F1, F2, and backcross generations. The principal characteristic identified with good head exsertion was long internodes. Internode length was inherited mostly in an additive manner, with some effect of hybrid vigor apparent in the F1, F2, and backcross to the tall parent. Plant height was also inherited in an additive manner. Head weight in the high-exsertion parent was much lower than in the low-exsertion parent. Within each parent and the F1, head weight was greater in plants with longer internodes and greater plant height. In the segregating generations (F2 and backcross), head weight increased with decreasing internode length, indicating that selection for high head exsertion would result in smaller heads and reduced yield.

HYBRID VIGOR AND GENE ACTION IN A SIX-PARENT DIALLEL CROSS OF SOFT WINTER WHEAT

1971 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Bitzer ◽  
F. L. Patterson ◽  
W. E. Nyquist
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Combining Ability ◽  
Diallel Cross ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Hybrid Vigor ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Partial Dominance ◽  
Graphic Analysis ◽  
Soft Winter Wheat

Six soft winter wheat lines were crossed in a diallel fashion and data were obtained from the parents and F1 hybrid generation over two years. The mean squares for year by genotype interaction were significant for most measured characters indicating that the genotypes responded somewhat differently each year. The yield response of the F1 generation hybrids ranged from −0.7 to 28.1% with 13 of 15 F1 hybrids above the higher parent; however, none was significantly higher.Combining ability analyses were performed on the F1 hybrids, and mean squares for general combining ability were significant for earliness, plant height, and kernels per spike. No significant mean squares for specific combining ability were detected. Monon was the best general combiner for both number of spikes and yield, and Gaines was a good general combiner for kernels per spike. The Jinks and Hayman (Vr, Wr) graphic analysis indicated that plant height, kernel weight, and number of spikes were controlled by some partial dominance and yield by apparent overdominance.

scholarly journals Chrysanthemum ×hybridum MN 98-89-7 Shrub Garden Chrysanthemum

HortScience ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 306-309
Author(s):  
Neil O. Anderson ◽  
Peter D. Ascher ◽  
Vincent Fritz ◽  
Charlie Rohwer ◽  
Steven Poppe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Honey Bees ◽  
Hybrid Vigor ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Hexaploid Species ◽  
Plant Habit ◽  
Second Year

A new garden chrysanthemum with a shrub plant habit is released as a descendent of a cross involving two hexaploid species: Chrysanthemum weyrichii (Maxim.) Tzvelv. (female) × C. ×grandiflorum Tzvelv. (male). Chrysanthemum ×hybridum Anderson MN 98-89-7 [U.S. Plant Patent (PP) 14,495] is a vigorously growing shrub chrysanthemum for garden culture, exhibiting extreme hybrid vigor. Single daisy reddish-purple flowers cover the foliage in the fall, numbering >3000 on second-year plants. This selection displays excellent winterhardiness in U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Z3b+ (–34.4 to –37.2 °C) as well as frost-tolerant flowers. In its second and subsequent years of growth after planting, MN 98-89-7 grows into a fall flowering (August–October), herbaceous shrub ranging in plant height from 61.0 to 91.4 cm with a diameter of 76.2 to 152.4 cm. Its spherical plant shape is achieved naturally with self-pinching, creating a highly manicured appearance; it also attracts honey bees and butterflies as pollinators. MN 98-89-7 is a vegetative product and this unnamed selection is being released for germplasm purposes as well as for potential licensing and naming.

scholarly journals Kajian Heritabilitas dan Heterosis pada Persilangan antara Kacang Tunggak dengan Kacang Panjang

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Lestari Ujianto ◽  
NFN Idris ◽  
Uyek M. Yakop
Keyword(s):  
Success Rate ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Genetic Variance ◽  
Broad Sense ◽  
Hybrid Vigor ◽  
Broad Sense Heritability ◽  
Local Varieties ◽  
Pod Length ◽  
Interspecific Crossing ◽  
F1 Generation

<p>Study of Heritability and Heterosis on Hybridization between Cowpea and Longbean. Lestari Ujianto, Idris, and Uyek M. Yakop. The objectives of this research were to study the success rate of crossing and heritability on interspecific hybridization between several NTB local varieties of cowpea and several varieties of long bean. This research consisted of 3 stages i.e. (1) hybridization between cowpea and long bean; (2) evaluation of F1 generation; (3) backcrossing between F1 with both parents. The observed data is analyzed to estimate the degree of crossability, value of broad sense heritability, coefficient of genetic variance. The result of this research indicated that: (1) interspecific crossing between cowpea NTB local varieties and long bean have different degree of successful with range 31 to 57% as well as on back crossing degree of successful with range 35 to 61%; (2) the characteristic of pod length and plant height indicated the high broad sense heritability value, and (3) there was hybrid vigor for diameter of pods on all cross combinations with heterosis and heterobeltiosis values ranging 11.4-27.0% and10.1-18.9% respectively.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Abstrak</strong></p><p><strong></strong>Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengkaji tingkat keberhasilan persilangan, pendugaan gejala heterosis dan daya waris sifat pada persilangan antarspesies beberapa varietas kacang tunggak lokal NTB dengan beberapa varietas kacang panjang. Penelitian terdiri atas tiga tahap kegiatan, yaitu (1) persilangan kacang tunggak dan kacang panjang; (2) evaluasi hasil persilangan antara kacang tunggak dan kacang panjang; (3) silang balik antara hasil persilangan yang unggul dengan kedua tetuanya. Data hasil pengamatan dianalisis untuk menduga tingkat keberhasilan persilangan, pendugaan nilai heritabilitas arti luas, dan pendugaan koefisien keragaman genetik. Hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan bahwa (1) persilangan antarspesies kacang tunggak varietas lokal NTB dengan kacang panjang memiliki tingkat keberhasilan persilangan yang berbeda berkisar antara 31-57%. Demikian juga untuk silang balik tingkat keberhasilan persilangannya berkisar antara 35-61%; (2) sifat panjang polong dan tinggi tanaman menunjukkan nilai duga heritabilitas arti luas yang tinggi; (3) terdapat vigor hibrida untuk diameter polong pada semua pasangan persilangan dengan nilai heterosis berkisar antara 11,4-27,0% dan nilai heterobeltiosis 10,1-18,9%.</p>

Bio-Social Hybrid Vigor Sought, Babel Discovered

1969 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 138-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
JERRY HIRSCH
Keyword(s):  
Hybrid Vigor

STUDY OF EFFECT OF EMS, MMS AND GR ON YIELD CONTRIBUTING TRAITS IN URDBEAN, VIGNA MUNGO

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. B. SAGADE
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Individual Plant ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Methane Sulphonate ◽  
Pod Length ◽  
100 Seed Weight ◽  
Number Of Seeds

The study of the effect of three well known mutagens, ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS), methyl methane sulphonate (MMS) and gamma rays (GR) on the yield contributing traits of the urdbean variety TPU-4 were carried out in the M3 generation. Effect of selected mutagenic treatments/doses of EMS (0.02, 0.03 and 0.04 M), MMS (0.0025, 0.05 and 0.01 M) and (GR) (30, 40 and 50 KR) on different yield contributing traits like plant height, plant spread, number of pods per plant, pod length, number of seeds per pod, seed yield per plant and 100 seed weight were analyzed in the M3 populations of the variety TPU-4. Seeds of M2 plants and control were harvested separately and sown to raise M3 population.. Genetic variabilty in the mutagen administered M3 progeny of the urdbean variety TPU-4 was analyzed by employing statistical methods. Data on mean values and shift in the mean of seven quantitative traits was evaluated on individual plant basis. The experimental findings revealed that concentrations / dose of the all these mutagens showed inhibitory effect on plant height, number of pods per plant, pod length and number of seeds per pod. Lower concentrations of mutagens exerted a promotory effect on plant spread, 100 seed weight and seed yield per plant while higher concentrations of these mutagens inhibited them to different extent.

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