scholarly journals Plant height heterosis is quantitatively associated with expression levels of plastid ribosomal proteins

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (47) ◽  
pp. e2109332118
Author(s):  
Devon Birdseye ◽  
Laura A. de Boer ◽  
Hua Bai ◽  
Peng Zhou ◽  
Zhouxin Shen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Ribosomal Proteins ◽  
Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽  
Hybrid Vigor ◽  
Adult Plant ◽  
Biosynthetic Enzymes ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Hybrid Seedling ◽  
Molecular Components ◽  
Seedling Leaf

The use of hybrids is widespread in agriculture, yet the molecular basis for hybrid vigor (heterosis) remains obscure. To identify molecular components that may contribute to trait heterosis, we analyzed paired proteomic and transcriptomic data from seedling leaf and mature leaf blade tissues of maize hybrids and their inbred parents. Nuclear- and plastid-encoded subunits of complexes required for protein synthesis in the chloroplast and for the light reactions of photosynthesis were expressed above midparent and high-parent levels, respectively. Consistent with previous reports in Arabidopsis, ethylene biosynthetic enzymes were expressed below midparent levels in the hybrids, suggesting a conserved mechanism for heterosis between monocots and dicots. The ethylene biosynthesis mutant, acs2/acs6, largely phenocopied the hybrid proteome, indicating that a reduction in ethylene biosynthesis may mediate the differences between inbreds and their hybrids. To rank the relevance of expression differences to trait heterosis, we compared seedling leaf protein levels to the adult plant height of 15 hybrids. Hybrid/midparent expression ratios were most positively correlated with hybrid/midparent plant height ratios for the chloroplast ribosomal proteins. Our results show that increased expression of chloroplast ribosomal proteins in hybrid seedling leaves is mediated by reduced expression of ethylene biosynthetic enzymes and that the degree of their overexpression in seedlings can quantitatively predict adult trait heterosis.

scholarly journals Plant trait heterosis is quantitatively associated with expression heterosis of the plastid ribosomal proteins

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Devon Birdseye ◽  
Laura A. de Boer ◽  
Hua Bai ◽  
Peng Zhou ◽  
Zhouxin Shen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Ribosomal Proteins ◽  
Protein Complexes ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽  
Hybrid Vigor ◽  
Maize Hybrids ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Plant Trait ◽  
Elevated Expression

AbstractThe use of hybrids is widespread in agriculture, yet the molecular basis for hybrid vigor (heterosis) remains obscure. To identify molecular components that may contribute to the known higher photosynthetic capacity of maize hybrids, we generated paired datasets of the proteomes and transcriptomes from leaf tissues of maize hybrids and their inbred parents. Expression patterns in the hybrids were semi-dominant to overdominant for subunits of the digenomic protein complexes required for the light reactions of photosynthesis and for chloroplast protein synthesis; nuclear and plastid-encoded subunits were elevated similarly. These patterns were not mirrored in the nuclear transcriptomes. We compared growth to transcript and protein levels of multiple hybrids with varying levels of heterosis. Expression heterosis (hybrid/mid-parent expression levels) of chloroplast ribosomal proteins and of nuclear transcripts for the photosynthetic light reactions was positively correlated with plant height heterosis (hybrid/mid-parent plant height). Ethylene biosynthetic enzymes were expressed below mid-parent levels in the hybrids, and the ethylene biosynthesis mutant acs2/acs6 partially phenocopied the hybrid proteome, indicating that a reduction in ethylene biosynthesis may be upstream of the elevated expression of photosynthetic and ribosomal proteins in chloroplasts of hybrids.

scholarly journals Quantitative Trait Loci for Adult-Plant Resistance to Mycosphaerella graminicola in Two Winter Wheat Populations

2011 ◽  
Vol 101 (10) ◽  
pp. 1209-1216 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Risser ◽  
E. Ebmeyer ◽  
V. Korzun ◽  
L. Hartl ◽  
T. Miedaner
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Trait Loci ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Plant Resistance ◽  
Quantitative Trait ◽  
Adult Plant Resistance ◽  
Heading Date ◽  
Adult Plant ◽  
Phenotypic Variance ◽  
Trait Loci

Septoria tritici blotch (STB) is one of the most important leaf spot diseases in wheat worldwide. The goal of this study was to detect chromosomal regions for adult-plant resistance in large winter wheat populations to STB. Inoculation by two isolates with virulence to Stb6 and Stb15, both present in the parents, was performed and STB severity was visually scored plotwise as percent coverage of flag leaves with pycnidia-bearing lesions. ‘Florett’/‘Biscay’ and ‘Tuareg’/‘Biscay’, each comprising a cross of a resistant and a susceptible cultivar, with population sizes of 316 and 269 F7:8 recombinant inbred lines, respectively, were phenotyped across four and five environments and mapped with amplified fragment length polymorphism, diversity array technology, and simple sequence repeat markers covering polymorphic regions of ≈1,340 centimorgans. Phenotypic data revealed significant (P < 0.01) genotypic differentiation for STB, heading date, and plant height. Entry-mean heritabilities (h2) for STB were 0.73 for ‘Florett’/‘Biscay’ and 0.38 for ‘Tuareg’/‘Biscay’. All correlations between STB and heading date as well as between STB and plant height were low (r = –0.13 to –0.20). In quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis, nine and six QTL were found for STB ratings explaining, together, 55 and 51% of phenotypic variation in ‘Florett’/‘Biscay’ and ‘Tuareg’/‘Biscay’, respectively. Genotype–environment and QTL–environment interactions had a large impact. Two major QTL were detected consistently across environments on chromosomes 3B and 6D from ‘Florett’ and chromosomes 4B and 6B from ‘Tuareg’, each explaining 12 to 17% of normalized adjusted phenotypic variance. These results indicate that adult-plant resistance to STB in both mapping populations was of a quantitative nature.

Allophane increases the protein levels of several cephamycin biosynthetic enzymes in Nocardia lactamdurans

Microbiology ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 142 (12) ◽  
pp. 3399-3406 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. Leitao ◽  
F. J. Enguita ◽  
J. L. de la Fuente ◽  
P. Liras ◽  
J. F. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Biosynthetic Enzymes ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Nocardia Lactamdurans

P53 is Activated without RPL11 Upregulation in Diamond-Blackfan Anemia,

Blood ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 118 (21) ◽  
pp. 3432-3432
Author(s):  
Hong-Yan Du ◽  
M. Tarek Elghetany ◽  
Blanche P Alter ◽  
Akiko Shimamura
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Ribosomal Protein ◽  
Ribosomal Proteins ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Diamond Blackfan Anemia ◽  
Human Cd34 ◽  
Cd34 Cells ◽  
P53 Activation ◽  
Ribosomal Stress

Abstract Abstract 3432 Diamond-Blackfan anemia (DBA) is an autosomal dominantly inherited bone marrow failure syndrome characterized by red cell aplasia, physical anomalies, and cancer predisposition. DBA is caused by mutations resulting in haploinsufficiency of genes encoding ribosomal proteins. p53 is activated in the erythroid lineage following reduction of ribosomal protein expression; however the mechanism whereby ribosomal stress results in p53 activation in DBA remains unclear. RPL11 has been proposed to play a central role in p53 activation following ribosomal stress. Reduced expression of individual small ribosomal subunit proteins in a tumor cell line resulted in increased translation of RPL11. Excess free RPL11 can bind and inactivate HDM2, an E3 ubiquitin ligase targeting p53 for degradation. The recent demonstration that cellular responses to ribosomal perturbations vary widely between different tissues raised the question of whether RPL11 upregulation contributes to p53 activation following ribosomal stress in hematopoietic progenitors. To address this question, we modeled DBA in human CD34+ cells. Since RPS19 is the most commonly mutated gene in DBA, we used lentiviral vectors expressing short hairpin RNAs to knock down RPS19 expression in primary human CD34+ cells. RPS19 protein levels were reduced to about 50% of control levels in a manner reflecting the haploinsufficient state in DBA. RPS19 depletion resulted in elevated p53 protein levels and increased mRNA levels of p21, a transcriptional target of p53. Total p53 mRNA levels and p53 mRNA translational activity remained unchanged consistent with a post-transcriptional mechanism for p53 activation. Although total RPL11 mRNA levels were not diminished following RPS19 depletion, RPL11 protein levels were significantly decreased consistent with post-transcriptional downregulation. Depletion of RPS19 in human CD34+ cells did not affect polysome loading of RPL11 mRNA. Reduction of additional ribosomal proteins also accompanied RPS19 knockdown consistent with coordinate regulation of multiple ribosomal protein levels. Corticosteroids, which improve anemia in the majority of DBA patients, did not prevent p53 activation, nor did this improve RPS19 or RPL11 protein levels. Expression of p53 was also assessed in bone marrow biopsy slides from 26 DBA patients with the following genotypes: RPS19 (18), RPS24 (2), RPS26 (2), RPS10 (1), RPS17 (1), RPS7 (1), and RPL11 (1). p53 was over-expressed in all but one patient (RPS26), and was clearly over-expressed in the DBA patient harboring the RPL11 mutation. In summary, we find that p53 activation in DBA does not require upregulation of RPL11 translation or elevated RPL11 protein levels. p53 activation persists in DBA caused by RPL11 deficiency. Corticosteroids do not improve ribosomal protein levels nor do they prevent p53 activation. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Inherited and Acquired RUNX1 Mutations in Hematologic Disorders

Blood ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 122 (21) ◽  
pp. SCI-5-SCI-5
Author(s):  
Nancy A. Speck ◽  
Xiongwei Cai ◽  
Jingping Ge ◽  
Philip J. Mason
Keyword(s):  
Ribosomal Proteins ◽  
Ribosome Biogenesis ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
P53 Protein ◽  
Lymphoblastic Leukemia ◽  
Genotoxic Stress ◽  
Myelogenous Leukemia ◽  
Phenotypic Properties ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
Protein Levels

Abstract RUNX1, a DNA binding subunit of core binding factors, is frequently mutated or rearranged in hematopoietic malignancies, including acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), chronic myelomonocytic leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Mutations in RUNX1 can be early events in leukemia, and generate a long-lived pre-leukemic stem cell (pre-LSC). Additionally, it has been reported that loss of function RUNX1 mutations are particularly frequent in radiation-associated MDS and AML, suggesting that pre-existing RUNX1 mutations in a pre-LSC may predispose patients to MDS/AML following DNA damage. Discussion will focus on the phenotypic properties of Runx1-deficient pre-LSCs, and the mechanisms by which Runx1 deficiency contributes to these phenotypes. Pan-hematopoietic Runx1 loss in mice causes a G1 to S-cell cycle delay and decreases apoptosis of pre-LSCs. Runx1-deficient pre-LSCs are radiation- and chemotherapy-resistant, and this correlates with decreased p53 protein levels and an attenuated p53 pathway response. Both p53 protein levels and apoptosis are increased following treatment with Nutlin-3. Runx1-deficient pre-LSCs are smaller, consume less glucose, and produce less ATP than normal hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Runx1-deficient stem and progenitor cells have lower overall ribosomal content and skewing in the relative amounts of rRNA and mRNA encoding ribosomal proteins. Analysis of AKT pathway components suggests that the decreased ribosome biogenesis is unlikely to be primarily caused by lower AKT signaling. We hypothesize that one or more of the above-mentioned properties (low p53 levels, decreased metabolism) render Runx1-deficient pre-LSCs less sensitive to genotoxic stress than normal HSCs, allowing a Runx1-deficient pre-LSC population to both perdure and expand in the bone marrow. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

scholarly journals The DHX33 RNA Helicase Promotes mRNA Translation Initiation

2015 ◽  
Vol 35 (17) ◽  
pp. 2918-2931 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yandong Zhang ◽  
Jin You ◽  
Xingshun Wang ◽  
Jason Weber
Keyword(s):  
Translation Initiation ◽  
Ribosomal Proteins ◽  
Ribosome Biogenesis ◽  
Mrna Translation ◽  
Rna Helicase ◽  
Rna Helicases ◽  
80S Ribosome ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Cell Growth And Proliferation ◽  
Rna Complexes

DEAD/DEAH box RNA helicases play essential roles in numerous RNA metabolic processes, such as mRNA translation, pre-mRNA splicing, ribosome biogenesis, and double-stranded RNA sensing. Herein we show that a recently characterized DEAD/DEAH box RNA helicase, DHX33, promotes mRNA translation initiation. We isolated intact DHX33 protein/RNA complexes in cells and identified several ribosomal proteins, translation factors, and mRNAs. Reduction of DHX33 protein levels markedly reduced polyribosome formation and caused the global inhibition of mRNA translation that was rescued with wild-type DHX33 but not helicase-defective DHX33. Moreover, we observed an accumulation of mRNA complexes with the 80S ribosome in the absence of functional DHX33, consistent with a stalling in initiation, and DHX33 more preferentially promoted structured mRNA translation. We conclude that DHX33 functions to promote elongation-competent 80S ribosome assembly at the late stage of mRNA translation initiation. Our results reveal a newly recognized function of DHX33 in mRNA translation initiation, further solidifying its central role in promoting cell growth and proliferation.

RESPONSE OF MAX SPRING WHEAT TO MANAGEMENT INPUTS

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 645-652 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. D. CALDWELL ◽  
C. E. STARRATT
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Chlormequat Chloride ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Leaf Disease ◽  
Nitrogen Fertility ◽  
The Individual

Experiments were conducted to investigate the individual and interactive effects of nitrogen fertility, plant growth regulators and a fungicide on the growth response of Max spring wheat under Nova Scotia conditions. A lack of interactive effects of these three management factors was found, both under dry and sustained moist conditions. Increased nitrogen tended to produce lush growth and greater leaf disease. It also increased grain protein levels to acceptable milling levels. The rate of chlormequat chloride recommended for winter wheat (0.92 kg a.i. ha−1), applied at Zadoks growth stage (ZGS) 31, produced excessive reduction in plant height, tended to induce higher levels of leaf disease and depressed kernel size. Ethephon, applied at the rate recommended for winter wheat (0.42 kg a.i. ha−1) at ZGS 45, effectively reduced plant height without detrimental side effects. Propiconazole effectively reduced the incidence of powdery mildew, septoria and leaf rust and increased yields over unsprayed check plots. Timing of application affected the spectrum of disease controlled. Two applications of the fungicide (ZGS 32 and 45) gave excellent disease control and highest yields.Key words: Max, wheat (spring), chlormequat chloride, ethephon, propiconazole, nitrogen

scholarly journals Heterosis for Horticultural Traits in Broccoli

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 990C-990
Author(s):  
Anna L. Hale ◽  
Mark W. Farnham
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Oleracea ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Inbred Lines ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Hybrid Vigor ◽  
Plant Vigor ◽  
Horticultural Traits ◽  
Predominant Type ◽  
Head Weight ◽  
Almost All

Over the last 3 decades, broccoli (Brassica oleracea L., Italica Group) hybrids made by crossing two inbred lines replaced open-pollinated populations to become the predominant type of cultivar. The change to hybrids evolved with little or no understanding of heterosis or hybrid vigor in this crop. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to determine levels of heterosis expressed by a set of hybrids derived by crossing relatively elite, modern inbreds (n = 9). A total of 36 hybrids formed by crossing nine parents were evaluated for horticultural characters, including head weight, head stem diameter, plant height, plant width (in a row), and maturity (e.g., days from transplant to harvest) in four environments. When averaged across all four environments, roughly half of the hybrids exhibited high parent heterosis for head weight (1 to 30 g) and stem diameter (0.2 to 3.5 cm). Almost all hybrids showed high parent heterosis for plant height (1 to 10 cm) and width (2 to 13 cm). Unlike other traits, there was negative heterosis for maturity, indicating that heterosis for this character in hybrids is expressed as earliness. With modern broccoli inbreds, heterosis for head characteristics appears less important than for traits that measure plant vigor.

scholarly journals Characterization of Leaf Rust Resistance in Hard Red Spring Wheat Cultivars

Plant Disease ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 88 (10) ◽  
pp. 1127-1133 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. M. Oelke ◽  
J. A. Kolmer
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Rust ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Rust Resistance ◽  
Leaf Rust Resistance ◽  
Adult Plant ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Seedling Leaf ◽  
Rust Resistance Genes ◽  
Leaf Rust Resistance Genes

Leaf rust, caused by Puccinia triticina Eriks., is the most common disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the United States and worldwide. The objective of this study was to characterize seedling and adult plant leaf rust resistance in hard red spring wheat cultivars grown in Minnesota, North Dakota, and South Dakota, and postulate the identity of the seedling leaf rust resistance genes in the cultivars. Twenty-six cultivars, near-isogenic lines of Thatcher wheat that differ for single leaf rust resistance genes, and three wheat cultivars with known leaf rust resistance genes, were tested with 11 different isolates of leaf rust collected from the United States and Canada. The leaf rust infection types produced on seedling plants of the cultivars in greenhouse tests were compared with the infection types produced by the same isolates on the Thatcher near-isogenic lines to postulate which seedling leaf rust resistance genes were present. Seedling leaf rust resistance genes Lr1, Lr2a, Lr10, Lr16, Lr21, and Lr24 were postulated to be present in spring wheat cultivars. Seedling genes Lr3, Lr14a, and Lr23 likely were present in some cultivars but could not be clearly identified in this study. Most of the cultivars had some level of adult plant leaf rust resistance, most likely due to Lr34. Cultivars that had seedling resistance genes Lr1, Lr2a, Lr10, or Lr16 had poor to intermediate levels of leaf rust resistance in field plots. Cultivars with combinations of seedling resistance genes Lr16 and Lr24 with additional adult plant resistance were highly resistant to leaf rust.

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