Effects of Irrigation and Precision Planting Patterns on Photosynthetic Product of Wheat

Abstract Growing winter cereal rye (Secale cereale) (WCR) has been identified as an effective in-field practice to reduce nitrate-N and phosphorus (P) losses to Upper Mississippi River Basin, USA. In the Midwestern USA, growers are reluctant to plant WCR especially prior to corn (Zea mays L.) due to N immobilization and establishment issues. Precision planting of WCR or ‘skipping the corn row’ (STCR) can minimize some issues associated with WCR ahead of corn while reducing cover crop seed costs. The objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness of ‘STCR’ vs normal planting of WCR at full seeding rate (NP) on WCR biomass, nutrient uptake and composition in three site-yrs (ARC2019, ARC2020, BRC2020). Our results indicated no differences in cover crop dry matter biomass production between the STCR (2.40 Mg ha−1) and NP (2.41 Mg ha−1) supported by similar normalized difference vegetative index and plant height for both treatments. Phosphorus, potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) accumulation in aboveground biomass was only influenced by site-yr and both STCR and NP removed similar amount of P, K, Ca and Mg indicating STCR could be as effective as NP in accumulating nutrients. Aboveground carbon (C) content (1086.26 kg h−1 average over the two treatments) was similar between the two treatments and only influenced by site-yr differences. Lignin, lignin:N and C:N ratios were higher in STCR than NP in one out of three site-yrs (ARC2019) indicating greater chance of N immobilization when WCR was planted later than usual. Implementing STCR saved $8.4 ha−1 for growers and could incentivize growers to adopt this practice. Future research should evaluate corn response to STCR compared with NP and assess if soil quality declines by STCR practice over time.

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GLYCEROL AS A PHOTOSYNTHETIC PRODUCT IN DUNALIELLA TERTIOLECTA BUTCHER

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b64-068 ◽

1964 ◽

Vol 42 (6) ◽

pp. 777-778 ◽

Cited By ~ 73

Author(s):

J. S. Craigie ◽

J. McLachlan

Keyword(s):

Dunaliella Tertiolecta ◽

Photosynthetic Product

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Effects of precision planting patterns and irrigation on winter wheat yields and water productivity

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859617000508 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 155 (9) ◽

pp. 1394-1406 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

X. M. MAO ◽

W. W. ZHONG ◽

X. Y. WANG ◽

X. B. ZHOU

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Soil Temperature ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Water Productivity ◽

Irrigation Treatment ◽

Single Row ◽

Grain Yields ◽

Air Temperatures ◽

Irrigation Treatments ◽

Precision Planting

SUMMARYThe production of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is affected by crop population structures and field microclimates. This 3-year study assessed the effect of different precision planting patterns and irrigation conditions on relative humidity (RH), air and soil temperature within the canopy, intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (iPAR), evapotranspiration (ET), water productivity (WP) and grain yields. Field experiments were conducted from 2011 to 2014 on a two-factor split-plot design with three replicates. The experiments involved three precision planting patterns (single row, alternating single and twin rows [hereafter ‘single–twin’] and twin row) and three irrigation treatments (0 mm (I0), 90 mm (I90) and 180 mm (I180)). Planting patterns and irrigation treatments exerted a significant effect on RH, air and soil temperature, iPAR, ET, WP and grain yield. The lowest RH and iPAR levels were detected in the single row pattern. When the irrigation treatment was identical, the highest soil and air temperatures were detected in the single row pattern, followed by the single–twin row and twin row patterns. Compared with the single row, the single–twin and twin row patterns increased ET by 0·3 and 1·4, WP by 4·7 and 5·7% and yields by 6·0 and 7·9%, respectively. Compared with I0, the I90 and I180 irrigation treatments increased ET by 0·3 and 1·4%, and WP by 4·7 and 5·7%, respectively. The grain yields of the twin row pattern were 5·8 and 1·7% higher than those of the single row and single–twin row patterns, respectively. Compared with I0, I90 increased yield by 19·3%. The twin row pattern improved crop structure and farmland microclimate by increasing RH and iPAR, and reducing soil and air temperatures, thus increasing grain yield. These results indicated that a twin row pattern effectively improved grain yield at I0. On the basis of iPAR, WP and grain yield, it was concluded that a twin row pattern combined with an I90 irrigation treatment provided optimal cropping conditions for the North China plain.

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Sorbitol Transporter Expression in Apple Sink Tissues: Implications for Fruit Sugar Accumulation and Watercore Development

Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science ◽

10.21273/jashs.130.2.261 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 130 (2) ◽

pp. 261-268 ◽

Cited By ~ 36

Author(s):

Zhifang Gao ◽

Sastry Jayanty ◽

Randolph Beaudry ◽

Wayne Loescher

Keyword(s):

Membrane Transport ◽

Sour Cherry ◽

Apium Graveolens ◽

Sugar Accumulation ◽

Isolation And Characterization ◽

Photosynthetic Product ◽

Highly Hydrophobic ◽

Major Facilitator ◽

Transporter Expression

In apple (Malus ×domestica Borkh.), where sorbitol is a primary photosynthetic product that is translocated throughout the plant, accumulation of sorbitol in sink cells appears to require an active carrier-mediated membrane transport step. Recent progress in isolation and characterization of genes for sorbitol transporters in sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) and mannitol transporters in celery (Apium graveolens L.) suggested that similar transporters may be present in apple tissues. A defect in these transporters could also explain the occurrence of the fruit disorder watercore, characterized by the accumulation of fluids and sorbitol in the apoplasmic free space. Our objectives therefore included isolation and characterization of genes for sorbitol transporters in apple tissues and comparisons of expression of transporter genes, especially in various sink tissues including watercored and non-watercored fruit tissues. We have isolated and characterized two sorbitol transporter genes, MdSOT1 and MdSOT2. Sequence analyses indicated that these are members of the major facilitator transporter superfamily that gives rise to highly hydrophobic integral membrane proteins. Heterologous expression and measurement of sorbitol uptake in yeast indicated that these are specific and with high affinities for sorbitol, with Kms for sorbitol of 1.0 and 7.8 mm for MdSOT1 and MdSOT2, respectively. Sorbitol transporter expression was evident in all sink tissues tested with the exception of watercore-affected fruit tissues. Sorbitol accumulation in apple sink tissues thus involves an apoplasmic active membrane transport step and watercore results from a defect in that process.

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Hand Seeder Adapted for Precision Planting or for Application of Granulated Insecticides or Fertilizers1

Journal of Economic Entomology ◽

10.1093/jee/59.4.1018 ◽

1966 ◽

Vol 59 (4) ◽

pp. 1018-1019

Author(s):

Jerome A. Onsager

Keyword(s):

Precision Planting

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Response of sunflowers (Helianthus annuus L.) to varying seeding rates and nitrogen fertilizer rates in a no-till cropping system in Saskatchewan

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.1139/cjps-2017-0313 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 98 (6) ◽

pp. 1331-1341 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

W.E. May ◽

M.P. Dawson ◽

C.L. Lyons

Keyword(s):

Plant Density ◽

Cropping Systems ◽

Cropping System ◽

Seeding Rate ◽

Yield Increase ◽

No Till ◽

Rate Study ◽

Optimum N Rate ◽

Precision Planting ◽

N Rates

In the past, most sunflower research was conducted in tilled cropping systems and was based on wide row configurations established using precision planters. Little agronomic information is available for the no-till systems predominant in Saskatchewan, where crops are typically seeded in narrow rows using an air drill. Two studies were conducted in Saskatchewan to determine the optimum seeding and nitrogen (N) rates for short-season sunflowers in a no-till cropping system. The N rate study used 5 N rates (10, 30, 50, 70, and 90 kg N ha−1) with the hybrid 63A21. The seeding rate study used 7 seeding rates (37 000, 49 000, 61 000, 74 000, 86 000, 98 000, and 111 000 seeds ha−1) with two cultivars, AC Sierra (open pollinated) and 63A21 (hybrid). There was a linear yield increase as the N rate increased from 10 to 90 kg N ha−1. Based on the N rates tested in this study and current N fertilizer costs below $1 kg−1, sunflower yields and gross returns were most favorable at 90 kg N ha−1. Future N response research with a wider range of N rates is warranted to best determine the optimum N rate. The optimum seeding rate was between 98 000 and 111 000 seeds ha−1 for AC Sierra and between 74 000 and 86 000 seeds ha−1 for 63A21. The optimum plant density, approximately 70 000 to 75 000 plants ha−1, was similar for both cultivars. These results are higher than the current recommended seeding rates for wide-row precision planting systems in areas with a longer growing season.

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