Does Globalization Drive a Simple Pattern of Taxation?

In this paper we investigate the Timed Alternating-Time Temporal Logic (TATL), a discrete-time extension of ATL. In particular, we propose, systematize, and further study semantic variants of TATL, based on different notions of a strategy. The notions are derived from different assumptions about the agents’ memory and observational capabilities, and range from timed perfect recall to untimed memoryless plans. We also introduce a new semantics based on counting the number of visits to locations during the play. We show that all the semantics, except for the untimed memoryless one, are equivalent when punctuality constraints are not allowed in the formulae. In fact, abilities in all those notions of a strategy collapse to the “counting” semantics with only two actions allowed per location. On the other hand, this simple pattern does not extend to the full TATL. As a consequence, we establish a hierarchy of TATL semantics, based on the expressivity of the underlying strategies, and we show when some of the semantics coincide. In particular, we prove that more compact representations are possible for a reasonable subset of TATL specifications, which should improve the efficiency of model checking and strategy synthesis.

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The theory of rubber elasticity

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series A - Mathematical and Physical Sciences ◽

10.1098/rspa.1976.0148 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 351 (1666) ◽

pp. 397-406 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Keyword(s):

Equation Of State ◽

Statistical Mechanics ◽

Equations Of State ◽

Rubber Elasticity ◽

Elastic Behaviour ◽

Excluded Volume ◽

Simple Pattern ◽

Dynamical Approach ◽

Equilibrium Approach ◽

The Future

It is argued that since statistical mechanics has developed in two ways, the dynamical approach of Boltzmann and the equilibrium approach of Gibbs, both should be valuable in rubber elasticity. It is shown that this is indeed the case, and the generality of these approaches allows one to study the problem in greater depth than hitherto. In particular, damping terms in the elastic behaviour of rubber can be calculated, and also the effect of entanglements and excluded volume on the equation of state. It is noticeable that although the calculated equations of state are quite complex, they do not fit into a simple pattern of invariants. The future for these developments is briefly discussed.

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The molecular basis for metameric pattern in the Drosophila embryo

Development ◽

10.1242/dev.101.1.1 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 101 (1) ◽

pp. 1-22 ◽

Cited By ~ 61

Author(s):

M. Akam

Keyword(s):

Molecular Basis ◽

Subsequent Development ◽

The Body ◽

Drosophila Embryo ◽

Homeotic Genes ◽

Simple Pattern ◽

Segment Polarity ◽

Maternal Determinants ◽

Segment Pattern ◽

Pair Rule

The metameric organization of the Drosophila embryo is generated in the first 5 h after fertilization. An initially rather simple pattern provides the foundation for subsequent development and diversification of the segmented part of the body. Many of the genes that control the formation of this pattern have been identified and at least twenty have been cloned. By combining the techniques of genetics, molecular biology and experimental embryology, it is becoming possible to unravel the role played by each of these genes. The repeating segment pattern is defined by the persistent expression of engrailed and of other genes of the ‘segment polarity’ class. The establishment of this pattern is directed by a transient molecular prepattern that is generated in the blastoderm by the activity of the ‘pair-rule’ genes. Maternal determinants at the poles of the egg coordinate this prepattern and define the anteroposterior sequence of pattern elements. The primary effect of these determinants is not known, but genes required for their production have been identified and the product of one of these, bicoid is known to be localized at the anterior of the egg. One early consequence of their activity is to define domains along the A-P axis within which a series of ‘cardinal’ genes are transcribed. The activity of the cardinal genes is required both to coordinate the process of segmentation and to define the early domains of homeotic gene expression. Further interactions between the homeotic genes and other classes of segmentation genes refine the initial establishment of segment identities.

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Hemopathologic consequences of protracted gamma irradiation: alterations in granulocyte reserves and granutocyte mobilization

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v56.1.42.42 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 56 (1) ◽

pp. 42-51 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

TM Seed ◽

SM Cullen ◽

LV Kaspar ◽

DV Tolle ◽

TE Fritz

Keyword(s):

Phase I ◽

Gamma Irradiation ◽

Aplastic Anemia ◽

Low Dose ◽

Intermediate Phase ◽

Myelogenous Leukemia ◽

Time Dependent ◽

Phase Iii ◽

Simple Pattern ◽

Radiation Induced

Abstract Aplastic anemia and myelogenous leukemia are prominent pathologic effects in beagles exposed to continuous, daily, low-dose gamma irradiation. In the present work, granulocyte reserves and related mobilization functions have been sequentially assessed by the endotoxin stress assay during the preclinical and clinical phases of these hemopoietic disorders. Characteristic patterns of granulocyte reserve mobilization are described that reflect given stages of pathologic progression. For radiation-induced leukemia, a five stage pattern has been proposed. In contrast, a simple pattern of progressive, time- dependent contraction of granulocyte reserves and mobilization capacity was noted in the development of terminal aplastic anemia. Early preclinical phases of radiation-induced leukemia appear to involve an extensive depletion of the granulocyte reserves ((phase I) during the first approximately 200 days of exposure followed by a partial renewal of the reserves and associated mobilization functions approximately 200 and 400 days (phase II). Sustained, subnormal granulocyte mobilizations (phase III) following endotoxin stress typify the responses of dogs during the intermediate phase, whereas late preclinical, preleukemic stages (phase IV) are characterized by a further expansion of the reserves and in the mobilization capacities, particularly of the less mature granulocytes. Such late alterations in the pattern of granulocyte mobilization, together with other noted cellular aberrancies in the peripheral blood and marrow, appear to indicate leukemia (phase V) onset.

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