Word-order variation in a contact setting: A corpus-based investigation of Russian spoken in Daghestan

This paper deals with word-order variation in a situation of language contact. We present a corpus-based investigation of word order in the variety of Russian spoken in Daghestan, focusing specifically on noun phrases with a genitive modifier. In Daghestanian Russian, the nonstandard word order GEN+N (prepositive or left genitive) often occurs. At first glance, this phenomenon might be easily explained in terms of syntactic calquing from the speakers’ left-branching L1s. However, the order GEN+N does not occur with the same frequency in all types of genitive noun phrases but is affected by several lexicosemantic and formal features of both the head and the genitive modifier. Therefore, we are not dealing with simple pattern borrowing. Rather, L1 influence strengthens certain universal tendencies that are not motivated by contact. The comparison with monolinguals’ Russian, in which prepositive genitives sporadically occur too, supports this hypothesis.

Pendekatan Antropologis, Historis, dan Sosiologis terhadap Budaya Barapan Kerbau Suku Samawa

Abstrak Bangsa Indonesia memiliki daerah yang sangat luas dan masyarakat majemuk sehingga memiliki bahasa, ras, suku, serta budaya yang berbeda-beda. Hal tersebut menjadi kekayaan bagi Nusantara. Oleh sebab itu, riset ini diperuntukan untuk menggali secara mendalam terkait budaya barapan kerbau melalui pendekatan antropologi, historis dan sosiologis. Penelitian ini merupakan penilitian kualitatif deskriptif dan dianalisis dengan metode triangulasi. Hasilnya menunjukkan barapan kerbau melalui pendekatan antropologi terdapat unsur mistik dalam event tersebut dan masyarakat Sumbawa meyakininya sampai sekarang. Adapun pendekatan historis bahwa barapan kerbau berasal dari pola yang sangat sederhana, yaitu Maruma, sedangkan melalui pendekatan sosiologis terdapat nilai-nilai positif, yaitu nilai sportivitas, nilai kekeluargaan dan nilai ekonomi bagi masyarakat Sumbawa Abstract The Indonesian nation has a very wide area and a pluralistic society, so that it has different languages, rasec, ethnicities, and cultures, so that it becomes a wealth for the nusantara. Therefore, this research is intended to explore in depth related to the culture of the barapan Kerbau through anthropological, historical anda sociological approaches. This research is a descriptive qualitative study and abalyzed by using the tri-anggulation method. The results show that the barapan Kerbau through the anthrological approach has a mystical elemen in the even and the people of Sumbawa belive it until now, as for the historical approach that the barapan Kerbau comes from a very simple pattern, namely Maruma, while through the sociological approach there are positive values, namely the value of sportsmanship, family values, and economic value for the people of Sumbawa.

Leucokinins: Multifunctional Neuropeptides and Hormones in Insects and Other Invertebrates

Leucokinins (LKs) constitute a neuropeptide family first discovered in a cockroach and later identified in numerous insects and several other invertebrates. The LK receptors are only distantly related to other known receptors. Among insects, there are many examples of species where genes encoding LKs and their receptors are absent. Furthermore, genomics has revealed that LK signaling is lacking in several of the invertebrate phyla and in vertebrates. In insects, the number and complexity of LK-expressing neurons vary, from the simple pattern in the Drosophila larva where the entire CNS has 20 neurons of 3 main types, to cockroaches with about 250 neurons of many different types. Common to all studied insects is the presence or 1–3 pairs of LK-expressing neurosecretory cells in each abdominal neuromere of the ventral nerve cord, that, at least in some insects, regulate secretion in Malpighian tubules. This review summarizes the diverse functional roles of LK signaling in insects, as well as other arthropods and mollusks. These functions include regulation of ion and water homeostasis, feeding, sleep–metabolism interactions, state-dependent memory formation, as well as modulation of gustatory sensitivity and nociception. Other functions are implied by the neuronal distribution of LK, but remain to be investigated.

Leucokinins: Multifunctional Neuropeptides and Hormones in Insects and Other Invertebrates

Leucokinins (LKs) constitute a neuropeptide family first discovered in a cockroach and later identified in numerous insects and several other invertebrates. The LK receptors are only distantly related to other known receptors. Among insects, there are many examples of species where genes encoding LKs and their receptors are absent. Furthermore, genomics has revealed that LK signaling is lacking in several of the invertebrate phyla and in vertebrates. In insects, the number and complexity of LK expressing neurons vary, from the simple pattern in the larva of Drosophila where the entire CNS has 20 neurons of three main types, to cockroaches with about 250 of many different types. Common to all studied insects is the presence or 1-3 pairs of LK-expressing neurosecretory cells in each abdominal neuromere of the ventral nerve cord, that, at least in some insects, regulate secretion in Malpighian tubules. This review summarizes the diverse functional roles of LK signaling in insects, as well as other arthropods and mollusks. These functions include regulation of ion and water homeostasis, feeding, sleep-metabolism interactions, state-dependent memory formation, as well as modulation of gustatory sensitivity and nociception. Other functions are implied by the neuronal distribution of LK, but remain to be investigated.

Characterizing Tractability of Simple Well-Designed Pattern Trees with Projection

We study the complexity of evaluating well-designed pattern trees, a query language extending conjunctive queries with the possibility to define parts of the query to be optional. This possibility of optional parts is important for obtaining meaningful results over incomplete data sources as it is common in semantic web settings. Recently, a structural characterization of the classes of well-designed pattern trees that can be evaluated in polynomial time was shown. However, projection—a central feature of many query languages—was not considered in this study. We work towards closing this gap by giving a characterization of all tractable classes of simple well-designed pattern trees with projection (under some common complexity theoretic assumptions). Since well-designed pattern trees correspond to the fragment of well-designed {, }-SPARQL queries this gives a complete description of the tractable classes of queries with projections in this fragment that can be characterized by the underlying graph structures of the queries. For non-simple pattern trees the tractability criteria for simple pattern trees do not capture all tractable classes. We thus extend the characterization for the non-simple case in order to capture some additional tractable cases.

Creating Class Attributes with XSLT (Making Stylesheets Extensible)

When going from one XML application, such as JATS, to another, perhaps HTML, the stylesheet author may not be able to follow any simple pattern of translation. Attributes that may be useful in the target may not be present in the source, or what is an attribute in the target may be an element in the source. That which is represented as a class attribute in the source might become a style attribute or even a wrapper element in the target. What conventions should the stylesheet author employ to ensure consistency and extensibility, especially when the stylesheet may be combined with others, particularly in a layered application? This presentation looks at the implications of stylesheets not only for JATS but also for TEI and DocBook.

Learning patterns at three years old: Contributions of a learning trajectory and teaching itinerary

The mathematics curricula of countries such as the United States, Singapore, Australia and New Zealand have started to incorporate the teaching of algebra in early childhood education. From this perspective, our study has two objectives: (a) to design a learning trajectory and teaching itinerary introducing patterns for children between the ages of three and four years old; and (b) to apply the previously validated learning trajectory and teaching itinerary to a group of 24 children between three and four years old from Spain. The results obtained through a design-based research methodology indicate that children recognize and represent seriations that follow a simple pattern in different teaching contexts. It is concluded that the trajectory and itinerary empower a specialized educational intervention to promote the initiation of algebraic thinking in early childhood education.

PENERAPAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN KOOPERATIF TIPE TWO STAY TWO STRAY UNTUK MENINGKATKAN PRESTASI BELAJAR SISWA KELAS X SMA NEGERI 1 KUPANG

Two Stay Two Stray is a cooperative learning model which is majoring the cooperation of each member of group to finish the task given and give chance to its member to share information each other with another group member by following a certain pattern. The purpose of this research is to investigate the difference of learning achievement between students who have been taught using cooperative learning model of Two Stay Two Stray type with three intersection pattern and students who have been taught using cooperative learning model of Two Stay Two Stray type with the simple pattern. The participants of this research are two groups of 10th grader, the A class as the experiment group and the B class as the control group respectively. The instruments used in this research is Two Stay Two Stray with three intersection pattern and simple pattern learning which is manifested in the syllabus, Teaching Implementation Plan (RPP), and the questions for pre test and post test. The results of the data analysis were: 1) There was a difference in achievement between students who have been taught using cooperative learning of Two Stay Two Stray type with three intersection pattern and students who have taught using a model of cooperative learning by Two Stay Two Stray type with simple pattern, 2) the learning achievements of students who have taught using cooperative learning model of Two Stay Two Stray type with three intersection pattern were higher than students who have taught using cooperative learning model of Two Stay Two Stray type with simple pattern.