scholarly journals Estimating equivalence scales and non-food needs in Egypt: Parametric and semiparametric regression modeling

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. e0256017
Author(s):  
Fuad A. Awwad ◽  
Suzan Abdel-Rahman ◽  
Mohamed R. Abonazel
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Semiparametric Regression ◽  
Estimation Methods ◽  
Partial Linear Model ◽  
Equivalence Scales ◽  
Consumption Behavior ◽  
Deprivation Indices ◽  
Food Expenditure ◽  
Food Needs

This paper investigated the appropriate specifications of Engel curves for non-food expenditure categories and estimated the deprivation indices of non-food needs in rural areas using a semi parametric examination of the presence of saturation points. The study used the extended partial linear model (EPLM) and adopted two estimation methods—the double residual estimator and differencing estimator—to obtain flexible shapes across different expenditure categories and estimate equivalence scales. We drew on data of the Egyptian Household Income, Expenditure, and Consumption Survey (HIEC). Our paper provides empirical evidence that the rankings of most non-food expenditure categories is of rank three at most. Rural households showed high economies of scale in non-food consumption, with child’s needs accounting for only 10% of adult’s non-food needs. Based on semi-parametrically estimated consumption behavior, the tendency of non-food expenditure categories to saturate did not emerge. While based on parametrically estimated consumption behavior, rural areas exhibited higher deprivation indices in terms of health and education expenditure categories, which indicates the need to design specific programs economically targeting such vulnerable households.

scholarly journals The Roles of Women in Food Security in South Merapi Slope Villages

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Hastuti Hastuti ◽  
Edi Widodo
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Cultural Conditions ◽  
Limited Food ◽  
Quality Of Food ◽  
Food Needs ◽  
Quantitative Descriptive ◽  
Household Incomes ◽  
Better Than

Economic conditions and poverty in rural areas have become problems in meeting the needs of food as the most basic needs/need. This problem can lead to food insecurity. This research aims to: (1) examine the characteristics of women; (2) study the obstacles faced by women in achieving food security; and (3) investigate women's efforts to achieve food security. The data were analyzed using quantitative descriptive technique by means of frequency tables. The livelihood diversification in Jetis Suruh was more visible than that in Bulus Lor. The fulfillment of individual food needs was related to economic, social, and cultural conditions. The year-round food needs of both villages indicated the need for food throughout the year. The need for food throughout the year in Bulus Lor was relatively better than that in Jetis Suruh. In general, food security in Bulus Lor was better than that in Jetis Suruh. Food security included the quantity and quality of food that met the standard of living of all family members. The availability of food in every household experienced dynamics at a certain time. When confronted with the limited food availability challenge, food for fathers was prioritized and this was dominant in both villages. Strategies to expand the diversification of businesses undertaken to increase household incomes included mobilizing all household members to go to work, borrowing money to make ends meet, saving money, reducing food, reducing the quality of food consumption, migrating jobs, and asking for help from family through friendship.

Examining calorie undernourishment in India: Is it due to choice or inadequacy?

2020 ◽  
pp. 026010602094973
Author(s):  
Udaya S Mishra ◽  
Balakrushna Padhi ◽  
Rinju
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Poor ◽  
Food Choices ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Food Expenditure ◽  
Lower Magnitude ◽  
Common Understanding

Background: Calorie undernourishment is often associated with poverty but India presents a unique scene of decline in money-metric poverty and rise in calorie deprivation. Existing literature has varied explanation towards this effect. However, neither are the poor entirely calorie compromised nor do all the non-poor qualify calorie compliance. Aim: This is an attempt at verifying whether calorie undernourishment is a result of choice of food basket or the inadequacy of food expenditure. Method: An answer to this question is attempted with the exploration of data obtained from the National Sample Survey Organization’s Consumption Expenditure of Indian households for the periods 2004–2005 and 2011–2012. Results: Findings reveal that over the last one decade, the average per capita per day calorie intakes have slightly increased from 2040.55 Kcal in 2004–2005 to 2087.33 Kcal in 2011–2012, which has led to the increased share of well-nourished households from 20.21% in the 61st round to 22.78% in the 68th round of survey in rural areas, whereas the similar increase in urban areas is from 36.1% to 40.65%. Conclusions: Calorie undernourishment among the non-poor is observed that calorie undernourishment, if any, among the non-poor is entirely due to choice but the same among the poor has a divide between choice and inadequacy. The urban poor are calorie compromised more due to choice rather than inadequacy as against their rural counterparts. With higher poverty, calorie, non-compliance among the poor is more due to choice when compared with lower magnitude of poverty. These observations form a basis for contesting the common understanding that calorie compromise is entirely driven by inadequacy/incapacity of food expenditure. could be viewed in terms of the food choices made, especially among the poor while setting the minimum threshold of food expenditure to be calorie compliant.

scholarly journals Does Money Matter More in the Country? Education Funding Reductions and Achievement in Kansas, 2010–2018

AERA Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 233285842096368
Author(s):  
Emily Rauscher
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
State Level ◽  
Department Of Education ◽  
Block Grant ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Rural Districts ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Funding Cuts

The U.S. Department of Education made recent technical changes reducing eligibility for the Rural and Low-Income School Program. Given smaller budgets and lower economies of scale, rural districts may be less able to absorb short-term funding cuts and experience stronger negative achievement effects. Kansas implemented a state-level finance change (block grant funding) after 2015, which froze district revenue regardless of enrollment and reduced funding in districts where enrollment increased. Difference-in-differences models compare achievement before and after block grant implementation to estimate effects of funding cuts separately in rural and nonrural districts. Between-state and within-state comparisons offer complementary identification strategies in which the strengths of one approach help address limitations of the other. Revenue/spending reductions are similar by geography but represent a larger fraction of rural district budgets. Results indicate that revenue reductions have larger implications for achievement in rural areas, where they represent a larger proportion of the total budget.

Outcomes of public health reform – service availability in rural areas

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mika Immonen ◽  
Jyri Vilko ◽  
Jouni Koivuniemi ◽  
Kaisu Laasonen
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Health Care Services ◽  
Public Services ◽  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Mail Survey ◽  
Service Availability ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Subjective Experiences ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Care Services

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to focus on the availability and demanded locations of health care services in a rural context. The authors analyse subjective experiences because mobility and other individual factors influence the availability of public services. Design/methodology/approach – Results from a mail survey in southeastern Finland are presented. Data collection was conducted using a random sample of 3,000 people from age 60 to 90 years. A total of 1,121 valid responses were received. Findings – The acceptable distance to service sites depends on learned behaviour where differences exist between suburban and rural residents. The authors found that service networks can be sparser in rural areas if the service sites are located in the daily activity space of the residents and travel burdens caused by distance and time are adequately solved. However, continuous downscaling of the provision may lead to the loss of health benefits which is harmful for individuals and expensive for society. Research limitations/implications – Further research should assess a broader variety of residential areas from the perspective of service availability. The results presented do not enable a direct comparison of the service availability between cities and sparsely populated rural areas. Originality/value – The paper contributes to the debate on access barriers to public service in rural regions. The question of availability of public services is topical because increasing overall demand requires urgent productivity improvements in public services. Currently this is solved by centralisation to search economies of scale.

Household consumption expenditure and inequality: evidence from Nigerian data

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 266-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuel O. Nwosu ◽  
Obed Ojonta ◽  
Anthony Orji
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Household Consumption ◽  
Theil Index ◽  
Consumption Expenditure ◽  
Inequality Decomposition ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Food Expenditure ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Purpose Enhancing household consumption and reducing inequality are among the fundamental goals of many developing countries. The purpose of this study therefore is to disaggregate household consumption expenditure into food and non-food and, thus, decompose inequality into within- and between-groups. Design/methodology/approach The study adopts generalised entropy (GE) measures. Second, the study uses regression-based inequality decomposition to ascertain the determinants of inequality in food and non-food expenditure using household demographic and socioeconomic characteristics as covariates. Findings The results show that non-food expenditure is the major source of inequality in household consumption expenditure in both urban and rural areas with inequality coefficients of above 0.6 compared to about 0.4 for food expenditure. The decompositions also show that within-group inequalities for non-food and food expenditure are, respectively, 0.97 and 0.365 using the Theil index, while between-group inequalities for non-food and food are, respectively, 0.016 and 0.035. Furthermore, the regression-based inequality decompositions show that variables such as living in rural areas, household size, household dwelling and household dwelling characteristics account for the significant proportion of inequality in food and non-food expenditure. Originality/value The policy implication of the findings, among others, is that policies should focus on addressing inequality within rural and urban areas, especially with respect to non-food expenditure than in inequality existing between urban and rural areas. These non-food expenditures include expenditure in education, health, energy, accommodation, water and sanitation.

scholarly journals Potensi dan Prospek Pemanfaatan Lahan Pekarangan untuk Mendukung Ketahanan Pangan

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
NFN Ashari ◽  
NFN Saptana ◽  
Tri Bastuti Purwantini
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Fundamental Problem ◽  
Population Increase ◽  
Household Food ◽  
Food Expenditure ◽  
Field Workers ◽  
Food Needs ◽  
Policies And Programs ◽  
National Food Security ◽  
Specific Technology

<p><strong>English</strong><br />Food security remains as a fundamental problem in most countries along with population increase, purchasing power improvement, and climate change. To support national food security, it is necessary to implement it at the households’ level such as farming on backyard land (pekarangan) areas. This paper aims to review the potencies, policies and programs, as well as constraints related with use of backyard land in supporting food security at households’ level. Backyard land is potential for farming in order to supply family food needs, especially vegetables, to reduce household food expenditure, and to increase the household income. Some constrains are found in backyard farming, such as less intensive cultivation, not a core business, lack of specific technology, and less field workers’ of assistance. Support from various stakeholders is necessary in order to improve backyard farming.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Indonesian</strong><br />Ketahanan pangan akan tetap menjadi permasalahan pokok di sebagian besar negara di dunia seiring dengan semakin besar jumlah penduduk, peningkatan daya beli dan dinamika iklim global. Upaya membangun ketahanan pangan keluarga, salah satunya dapat dilakukan dengan memanfaatkan sumberdaya yang tersedia, diantaranya melalui pemanfaatan lahan pekarangan.Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengulas potensi, kebijakan dan program, serta kendala pemanfaatan lahan pekarangan untuk mendukung ketahanan pangan, terutama di tingkat rumah tangga. Lahan pekarangan memiliki potensi dalam penyediaan bahan pangan keluarga, mengurangi pengeluaran rumah tangga untuk pembelian pangan dan meningkatkan pendapatan rumah tangga petani. Sejumlah kendala terkait masalah sosial, budaya, dan ekonomi masih dijumpai dalam program pemanfaatan  lahan pekarangan, diantaranya belum membudayanya budidaya pekarangan secara intensif, masih bersifat sambilan dan belum berorientasi pasar, kurang tersedianya teknologi budidaya spesifik pekarangan, serta proses pendampingan dari petugas yang belum memadai. Oleh karena itu diperlukan perencanaan yang matang dan dukungan lintas sektoral dalam pemanfaatan lahan pekarangan sehingga mampu lebih optimal dalam mendukung ketahanan pangan.</p>

scholarly journals Econometrics Analysis of the Relationship between Climate Change and Economic Growth in Selected West African Countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 39
Author(s):  
Ebrima K. Ceesay ◽  
Hafeez O. Oladejo ◽  
Prince Abokye ◽  
Ogechi N. Ugbor
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Economic Growth ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
West African ◽  
Estimation Methods ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Climate Change Effects ◽  
The Government

Linkages between Climate Change, Economic Growth and Poverty Reduction have become increasingly popular in local and international communities. This is due to the fact that we are currently facing pressing issues about climate change and poverty reduction effects in our planet. In this paper an empirical testing of the effects of Climate Change, Economic Growth and Poverty Reduction was carried out. Panel estimation methods of fixed effect, random effect, and panel unit root test-fisher type with trend and constant were applied. From the results, shows that economic growth has a negative and highly significant effect on the growth of poverty in the selected West African countries. Using growth rate of economics as dependent variable, the result shows that growth of poverty is highly significant. The population living in rural areas is significant with growth of poverty and highly significant with growth of food security. The policy recommendation is that the government of the west African countries should put in place strategies to reduce poverty, climate change effects on economics growth by following measures; to have strong institution and avoidance of corruption.Such strategies contain to counter climate change effects and increase the resilience of the economy, society and country in general.

scholarly journals Factors Influencing the Adoption of Agricultural Machinery by Chinese Maize Farmers

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1090
Author(s):  
Xiuhao Quan ◽  
Reiner Doluschitz
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Agricultural Machinery ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Multivariate Probit Models ◽  
Moderate Scale

As the major labor force has shifted from rural areas to cities, labor shortages in agricultural production have resulted. In the context of technical progress impact, and depending on farm resource endowments, farmers will choose effective labor saving technology such as machinery to substitute for the missing manual labor. The reasons behind farmers’ adoption of machinery technology are worth exploring. Therefore, this study uses 4165 Chinese maize farmers as the target group. Multivariate probit models were performed to identify the factors that affect maize farmers’ adoption of four machinery technologies as well as the interrelation between these adoption decisions. The empirical results indicate that maize sowing area, arable land area, crop diversity, family labor, subsidy, technical assistance, and economies of scale have positive effects on machinery adoption, while the number of discrete fields in the farm has a negative impact. Maize farmers in the Northeast and North have higher machinery adoption odds than other regions. The adoption of these four machinery technologies are interrelated and complementary. Finally, moderate scale production, crop diversification, subsidizing agricultural machinery and its extension education, and land consolidation, are given as recommendations for promoting the adoption of agricultural machinery by Chinese maize farmers.

scholarly journals Residential Short-Term Load Forecasting during Atypical Consumption Behavior

Energies ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 291
Author(s):  
Cristina Hora ◽  
Florin Ciprian Dan ◽  
Gabriel Bendea ◽  
Calin Secui
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Moving Average ◽  
Load Forecasting ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Consumption Behavior ◽  
Best Response ◽  
Power Load ◽  
Short Term Load Forecasting ◽  
Residential Consumption ◽  
Forecasting Errors

Short-term load forecasting (STLF) is a fundamental tool for power networks’ proper functionality. As large consumers need to provide their own STLF, the residential consumers are the ones that need to be monitored and forecasted by the power network. There is a huge bibliography on all types of residential load forecast in which researchers have struggled to reach smaller forecasting errors. Regarding atypical consumption, we could see few titles before the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) restrictions, and afterwards all titles referred to the case of COVID-19. The purpose of this study was to identify, among the most used STLF methods—linear regression (LR), autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) and artificial neural network (ANN)—the one that had the best response in atypical consumption behavior and to state the best action to be taken during atypical consumption behavior on the residential side. The original contribution of this paper regards the forecasting of loads that do not have reference historic data. As the most recent available scenario, we evaluated our forecast with respect to the database of consumption behavior altered by different COVID-19 pandemic restrictions and the cause and effect of the factors influencing residential consumption, both in urban and rural areas. To estimate and validate the results of the forecasts, multiyear hourly residential consumption databases were used. The main findings were related to the huge forecasting errors that were generated, three times higher, if the forecasting algorithm was not set up for atypical consumption. Among the forecasting algorithms deployed, the best results were generated by ANN, followed by ARIMA and LR. We concluded that the forecasting methods deployed retained their hierarchy and accuracy in forecasting error during atypical consumer behavior, similar to forecasting in normal conditions, if a trigger/alarm mechanism was in place and there was sufficient time to adapt/deploy the forecasting algorithm. All results are meant to be used as best practices during power load uncertainty and atypical consumption behavior.

scholarly journals Evolution of Consumption Behavior of Silver Singles in Poland

2021 ◽  
Vol 4/2021 (94) ◽  
pp. 51-80
Author(s):  
Tomasz Zalega ◽  
Keyword(s):  
New Media ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Sustainable Consumption ◽  
University Graduates ◽  
Consumption Behavior ◽  
Consumer Ethnocentrism ◽  
Consumption Decisions ◽  
Consumer Segment ◽  
The One ◽  
Insight Into

Purpose: The purpose of the study is to analyze, based on the author’s own research, the relationship between lifestyle and selected consumer trends reflected in specific consumption behavior of silver singles. Design/methodology/approach: The analysis is based on a survey questionnaire administered between 1 February and 30 October 2019 in a sample of 2476 elderly people living alone in ten Polish cities of various populations and sizes. In accordance with the research assumptions, the sample included persons over 65 years of age who took independent consumption decisions in the market. This research method was chosen in view of the older age of respondents whose openness to new media often used in direct research is limited. Findings: The research shows that among the surveyed silver singles, men more often than women act in line with the cocooning and consumer ethnocentrism trends. It also reveals a strong correlation between cocooning and consumer ethnocentrism on the one hand and the level of education and monthly disposable income of silver singles on the other. As regards sustainable consumption, the proportion of silver singles who declared that they acted in line with that idea was much higher among women than men as well as among university graduates, those earning a monthly income of more than PLN 3000.00, and actively attending UTA courses. Research limitations/implications: Given the limited financial capacity, the study of consumer behavior matching the idea of cocooning, consumer ethnocentrism and sustainable consumption among silver singles was confined to a survey conducted in the biggest Polish cities. It was not possible to carry out research among single seniors living in rural areas. Following the conclusions made, they should not be treated as representative of the population of Polish silver singles. They only provide some insight into actual consumer behaviors of this consumer segment. Originality/value: This article is one of first publications in Poland that seek to provide some insight into consumption behaviors of Polish silver singles that are in line with the idea of selected alternative consumer trends.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document