Free Trade and Culture: A Study of Relevant WTO Rules and Constraints on National Cultural Policy Measures

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. van den Bossche
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade ◽  
Cultural Policy ◽  
Policy Measures

КУЛЬТУРНА ПОЛІТИКА У СФЕРІ ЗБЕРЕЖЕННЯ НЕМАТЕРІАЛЬНОЇ СПАДЩИНИ : СУЧАСНИЙ СТАН ТА ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ

2020 ◽  
pp. 80-84
Author(s):  
Admink Admink ◽  
Віта Костюк
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Cultural Diversity ◽  
Cultural Policy ◽  
Policy Formation ◽  
Intangible Cultural Heritage ◽  
Legal Standards ◽  
Limited Budget ◽  
Policy Measures ◽  
Complicated Situation

У рамках імплементації Конвенції про охорону нематеріальної культурної спадщини вивчено заходи культурної політики, що заклали основи для втілення новітніх політичних підходів, механізмів і програм. У контексті виконання міжнародно-правових стандартів UNESCO та положень Конвенції визначено курс на аналіз, збереження й розвиток культурного розмаїття та надбання. Умотивована необхідність формування стратегії культурної політики у галузі збереження нематеріальної культурної спадщини, що полягає у проектуванні й затвердженні культурних проектів національного й регіонального спрямування. Враховано наявну ускладнену ситуацію щодо ролі місцевої влади та обмеженість бюджетного фінансування в країні загалом. Встановлено, що дії, що сприятимуть виявленню елементів нематеріальної культурної спадщини, організації та реалізації заходів щодо її збереження в Україні повинні стати цільовими пріоритетами. Cultural policy measures within the framework of the implementation of the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage are examined. A course on the analysis, conservation and development of cultural diversity and heritage in the context of the implementation of UNESCO international legal standards and the provisions of the Convention has been determined. The necessity of developing a strategy of cultural policy formation in the field of preservation of the intangible cultural heritage, which consists in the design and approval of cultural projects of national and regional orientation, is substantiated. The complicated situation regarding the role of local authorities and the limited budget financing in the country are taken into account. It is established that the priority should be given to actions that will help identify elements of the intangible cultural heritage, develop and implement measures for its preservation in Ukraine.

scholarly journals A Modest Referee: Measuring The UNESCO CCD’S Effect On Culture And Free Trade Agreement Negotiation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chantal Braganza
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade ◽  
Cultural Policy ◽  
Cultural Diplomacy ◽  
Free Market ◽  
Free Trade Agreements ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Trade Disputes ◽  
Trade Dispute ◽  
Unesco Convention

The purpose of this research is to assess the effectiveness of the UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion of Diversity of Cultural Expressions (CCD) as a trade instrument intended to protect local culture and cultural industries from free market influences. Much previous writing has pointed out flaws or weaknesses in its legal language and structure; few studies have been carried out on the way it has been cited and employed in actual trade negotiations and disputes. Through a recount of the its history, a close read of the original document of the CCD itself, and a case-study examination of two recently signed free trade agreements and a concluded international trade dispute, this research paper will show that the ways in which this nearly 15-year-old document has been employed does not quite live up to its intended purpose. Keywords: cultural policy, free trade, UNESCO CCD, culture and trade disputes, cultural diplomacy, CETA, CPTPP

Free International Trade and Protection of the Environment: Irreconcilable Conflict?

1992 ◽  
Vol 86 (4) ◽  
pp. 700-727 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Schoenbaum
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Natural World ◽  
Trading System ◽  
International Consensus ◽  
Global Environmental Problems ◽  
Global Environmental ◽  
Multilateral Trading System ◽  
Policy Measures ◽  
Environmental Measures

States should cooperate to promote a supportive and open international economic system that would lead to economic growth and sustainable development in all countries, to better address the problems of environmental degradation. Trade policy measures for environmental purposes should not constitute a means of arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination or a disguised restriction on international trade. Unilateral actions to deal with environmental challenges outside the jurisdiction of the importing country should be avoided. Environmental measures addressing transboundary or global environmental problems should, as far as possible, be based on an international consensus.Principle 12 Rio Declaration on Environment and DevelopmentThe global multilateral trading system and its centerpiece, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), are facing a new challenge from a quite unexpected quarter. The GATT is under attack by some in the environmental community who charge that international free trade blindly fosters the exploitation of natural resources. The GATT is depicted as a sinister charter that allows “big business” a free hand to plunder the bounty of the natural world. In certain environmentalists’ view, “free trade can destroy the environment.” Thus, a segment of the large and influential environmentalist lobby has joined the growing coalition of interests seeking to scuttle what is left of international free trade.

scholarly journals The trade policy effect in international trade: case of Pakistan

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alassane D. Yeo ◽  
Aimin Deng
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
International Trade ◽  
Trade Policy ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Free Trade Agreements ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Policy Effect ◽  
Policy Measures ◽  
Trading Pattern

AbstractThe debate on free trade and protectionism is ravaging in recent years. The industrialized countries are losing more and more market to the benefit of emerging countries. Liberals worry about new tariff barriers, while protectionists fear that unevenly distributed losses and gains will lead to significant economic dislocation of workers in import-competing industries. The economic policy of restricting imports and the economic policy of opening exports remain two critical measures of international trade. This study uses the gravity model to investigate the impacts of trade policy measures on trade flows between Pakistan and its dominant trading pattern for the period 2006 to 2015. The findings revealed the statistically significant correlation of trade policy variables on exports and imports. The study extended the analysis by examining four specificities groups of trade policy and continuing the analysis by estimating different country groups according to geographical or organizational clusters. The findings indicated that the specificities of trade policy have a statistically significant effect on exports and imports. Moreover, the signs of the coefficients are opposite in both models. The main political implication is that the proliferation of free trade agreements can have a positive impact on international trade.

The Treatment of Cultural Services in Latin American Countries’ Trade Agreements

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 804-834
Author(s):  
Gilbert Gagné ◽  
Delphine Ducasse
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Identity ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Cultural Policy ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
Cultural Services ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Cultural Policies ◽  
Policy Measures ◽  
Music Recordings ◽  
Latin American Countries

Abstract Cultural products (including goods and services) encompass visual, performing and literary arts as well as newspapers, magazines, books, movies, video and music recordings, radio and television, and now multimedia. To the extent that they are associated with the cultural identity of various States, their treatment in international trade has been debated as to whether, or the extent to which, they should be exempted from trade regulations. The proliferation of preferential trade agreements (PTAs) has further complexified this debate. The article summarizes the provisions relating to cultural services in Latin American PTAs and discusses the scope of these provisions, notably in light of the cultural policy measures involved and States’ ability to conduct cultural policies. The focus is on Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Peru as these are the leading countries in the negotiation of PTAs in Latin America as regards the number of agreements and the scope of cultural provisions.

scholarly journals A Modest Referee: Measuring The UNESCO CCD’S Effect On Culture And Free Trade Agreement Negotiation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chantal Braganza
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade ◽  
Cultural Policy ◽  
Cultural Diplomacy ◽  
Free Market ◽  
Free Trade Agreements ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Trade Disputes ◽  
Trade Dispute ◽  
Unesco Convention

The purpose of this research is to assess the effectiveness of the UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion of Diversity of Cultural Expressions (CCD) as a trade instrument intended to protect local culture and cultural industries from free market influences. Much previous writing has pointed out flaws or weaknesses in its legal language and structure; few studies have been carried out on the way it has been cited and employed in actual trade negotiations and disputes. Through a recount of the its history, a close read of the original document of the CCD itself, and a case-study examination of two recently signed free trade agreements and a concluded international trade dispute, this research paper will show that the ways in which this nearly 15-year-old document has been employed does not quite live up to its intended purpose. Keywords: cultural policy, free trade, UNESCO CCD, culture and trade disputes, cultural diplomacy, CETA, CPTPP

scholarly journals Explaining Protectionism Support: The Role of Economic Factors

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Melgar ◽  
Juliette Milgram-Baleix ◽  
Máximo Rossi
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade ◽  
Unemployment Rate ◽  
Inflation Rate ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Trade Theory ◽  
Small Countries ◽  
Policy Measures

We find that individuals’ opinions concerning protectionist policies match with how their revenue could be affected in the medium or long term by trade liberalisation in line with predictions of the comparative advantage models. An adverse macroeconomic context (large increase in the unemployment rate or inflation rate) increases protectionist attitudes, thus reflecting that people do not trust that free trade will lead to lower prices or create jobs despite trade theory optimism. People share a mercantilist view of trade since more imports increase protectionism support, while people positively value exports, especially in small countries. Regarding policy measures, while protectionist measures do not influence protectionism support in general, easy access to exports reduces people’s support for protectionism.

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