scholarly journals Current Smoking is a Risk Factor for the Irregular Surface and Calcification of Carotid Plaque in Men

2021 ◽  
Vol Volume 14 ◽  
pp. 3989-3997
Author(s):  
Xiangli Xu ◽  
Fubo Zhou ◽  
Yang Hua ◽  
Beibei Liu ◽  
Lili Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Carotid Plaque ◽  
Irregular Surface ◽  
Current Smoking

scholarly journals Future Burden of Cancer Attributable to Current Modifiable Behaviours: A Pooled Study of Seven Australian Cohorts

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement 2) ◽  
pp. 5s-5s
Author(s):  
M.A. Laaksonen ◽  
M.E. Arriaga ◽  
K. Canfell ◽  
R.J. MacInnis ◽  
P. Hull ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Alcohol Intake ◽  
Breast Cancers ◽  
Premenopausal Breast Cancer ◽  
Current Smoking ◽  
Cancer Burden ◽  
The Future ◽  
Future Burden

Background: The Population Attributable Fraction (PAF) quantifies the fraction of cancer cases attributable to specific exposures. PAF estimates for the future burden of cancer preventable through modifications to current exposure distributions are lacking. Previous PAF studies have also not compared population subgroup differences. Aim: To apply a novel PAF method and i) assess the future burden of cancer in Australia preventable through modifications to current behaviors, and ii) compare the distribution of the preventable cancer burden between population subgroups. Methods: We harmonized and pooled data from seven Australian cohort studies (N=367058) and linked them to national registries to identify cancers and deaths. We estimated the strength of the associations between behaviors and cancer incidence and death using a proportional hazards model, adjusting for age, sex, study and other risk factors. Exposure prevalence was estimated from contemporary national health surveys. We then combined these estimates to calculate PAFs and their 95% confidence intervals for both individual and joint behavior modifications using a novel method accounting for competing risk of death and risk factor interdependence. We also compared PAFs between population subgroups by calculating the 95% confidence interval of the difference in PAF estimates. Results: During the first 10 years of follow-up, there were 22078 deaths and 27483 incident cancers, including 2025 lung, 3471 colorectal, 640 premenopausal and 2632 postmenopausal breast cancers. The leading preventable cause for lung cancer is current smoking (PAF = 53.7%), for colorectal and postmenopausal breast cancer body fatness or BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 (PAF = 11.1% and 10.9% respectively), and for premenopausal breast cancer regular alcohol intake (PAF = 12.3%). Three in five lung cancers, but only one in five colorectal and breast cancers, are jointly attributable to potentially modifiable exposures, which also included physical inactivity and inadequate fruit intake for lung, excessive alcohol intake and current smoking for colorectal, regular alcohol intake and current menopausal hormone therapy for 1 year or more for postmenopausal breast and current oral contraceptive use for 5 years or more for premenopausal breast cancer. The cancer burden attributable to modifiable factors is markedly higher in certain population subgroups, including men (lung, colorectal), people with risk factor clustering (lung, colorectal, breast), and individuals with low educational attainment (lung, breast). Conclusion: We provided up-to-date estimates of the future Australian cancer burden attributable to modifiable risk factors, and identified population subgroups that experience the highest preventable burden. Application of the novel PAF method can inform timely public health action to improve health and health equity, by identifying those with the most to gain from programs that support behavior change and early detection.

What Have We Learned from the Imaging in Carotid Angioplasty and Risk of Stroke (ICAROS) Study?

Vascular ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giorgio M. Biasi ◽  
Alberto Froio ◽  
Gaetano Deleo ◽  
Claudia Piazzoni ◽  
Valter Camesasca
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Carotid Artery Stenting ◽  
Carotid Plaque ◽  
Independent Risk Factor ◽  
Carotid Stenting ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Carotid Angioplasty ◽  
Cerebral Embolization

Carotid artery stenting (CAS) is used widely to treat carotid lesions. Indication to CAS is mostly based, both in trial and in clinical practice, on the percentage of stenosis and the presence or absence of preprocedural neurologic symptoms, whereas the features of the plaque are somehow disregarded and ignored. The most severe complication of CAS is stroke, related to cerebral embolization from carotid plaque. Several studies showed that echolucent plaques generate a higher number of embolic particles following carotid stenting. Echolucency can be measured using the gray scale median, which is an objective and quantitative computer-assisted grading of the echogenicity of carotid plaques. As previously demonstrated in the ICAROS study, carotid plaque echolucency is an independent risk factor for stroke in carotid stenting. Carotid plaque echolucency is one of the parameters that should be mandatory to be considered for indication to treatment.

Relationship between carotid plaque characteristics and new ischemic lesions after stenting detected by computed tomography angiography

2019 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-55
Author(s):  
Hongying Qu ◽  
Xiaokun Zhang ◽  
Miao Zhang ◽  
Yongan Gao ◽  
Jie Lu
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Carotid Artery Stenting ◽  
Carotid Plaque ◽  
Diffusion Weighted Imaging ◽  
Irregular Surface ◽  
Irregular Surfaces ◽  
Diffusion Weighted ◽  
Peripheral Position

Background Although carotid artery stenting achieves definite benefits, it carries a higher rate of embolization compared with carotid endarterectomy. The incidence of embolization may be related to plaque stability. Purpose To assess for any relationship between plaque characteristics and cerebral emboli following carotid artery stenting. Material and Methods Sixty-three patients with severe carotid stenosis underwent carotid artery stenting. They were divided into two groups according to whether new ischemic lesions were detected on diffusion-weighted imaging after carotid artery stenting. We evaluated the types and locations of calcification in plaques and extent of calcification. We then assessed for a correlation between each of these factors and occurrence of new lesions on diffusion-weighted imaging after carotid artery stenting. Results The locations of calcification, percentage of plaque enhancement, and the number of plaques with irregular surface or ulceration were significantly different between the two groups. A peripheral position of calcification (close to the adventitia), enhancing plaques, and plaques with irregular surfaces or ulceration were statistically significant predictors of intracerebral embolization after carotid artery stenting. No significant differences in type of plaque or degree of calcification were found between two groups. Conclusion Peripheral calcification, enhancing plaques, and plaques with irregular surfaces were risk factors for intracerebral embolization after carotid artery stenting. These plaque characteristics should be considered when choosing the optimal treatment for patients.

scholarly journals Current Smoking Raises Risk of Incident Hypertension: Hispanic Community Health Study–Study of Latinos

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert C Kaplan ◽  
Pedro L Baldoni ◽  
Garrett M Strizich ◽  
Eliseo J Pérez-Stable ◽  
Nancy L Saccone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
Health Study ◽  
Antihypertensive Medications ◽  
Current Smoking ◽  
Incident Hypertension ◽  
Hypertension Risk ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Hispanic Adults ◽  
Former Smokers

Abstract Background Hypertension has been implicated as a smoking-related risk factor for cardiovascular disease but the dose–response relationship is incompletely described. Hispanics, who often have relatively light smoking exposures, have been understudied in this regard. Methods We used data from a 6-year follow-up study of US Hispanic adults aged 18–76 to address the dose–response linking cigarette use with incident hypertension, which was defined by measured blood pressure above 140/90 mm Hg or initiation of antihypertensive medications. Adjustment was performed for potential confounders and mediators, including urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio which worsened over time among smokers. Results Current smoking was associated with incident hypertension, with a threshold effect above 5 cumulative pack-years of smoking (vs. never smokers, hazard ratio for hypertension [95% confidence interval] of 0.95 [0.67, 1.35] for 0–5 pack-years, 1.47 [1.05, 2.06] for 5–10 pack-years, 1.40 [1.00, 1.96] for 10–20 pack-years, and 1.34 [1.09, 1.66] for ≥20 pack-years, P = 0.037). In contrast to current smokers, former smokers did not appear to have increased risk of hypertension, even at the highest cumulative pack-years of past exposure. Conclusions The results confirm that smoking constitutes a hypertension risk factor in Hispanic adults. A relatively modest cumulative dose of smoking, above 5 pack-years of exposure, raises risk of hypertension by over 30%. The increased hypertension risk was confined to current smokers, and did not increase further with higher pack-year levels. The lack of a smoking–hypertension association in former smokers underscores the value of smoking cessation.

scholarly journals Aromatase inhibitor use is a risk factor of carotid plaque presence in endocrine-responsive breast cancer patients

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 579-587
Author(s):  
Da Hea Seo ◽  
Yongin Cho ◽  
Sujin Lee ◽  
Seho Park ◽  
Seung-Il Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Aromatase Inhibitor ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Carotid Plaque ◽  
Breast Cancer Patients

scholarly journals High prevalence of smoking in patients with adrenal incidentalomas: causality or case selection?

2020 ◽  
Vol 183 (3) ◽  
pp. 335-341
Author(s):  
Henrik Olsen ◽  
Albin Kjellbom ◽  
Magnus Löndahl ◽  
Ola Lindgren
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Adrenal Incidentaloma ◽  
Cortisol Secretion ◽  
Adrenal Incidentalomas ◽  
Current Smoking ◽  
Established Risk Factor ◽  
Case Selection ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Suppression Test ◽  
Autonomous Cortisol Secretion

Objective: Autonomous cortisol secretion and possible autonomous cortisol secretion (ACS/pACS) are associated to an increase of cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus and dyslipidaemia. To our knowledge, the prevalence of smoking, another well-established risk factor for cardiovascular disease, has not been studied in detail in people with ACS/pACS or adrenal incidentalomas. Methods: Patients with adrenal incidentalomas were examined with the 1-mg overnight dexamethasone suppression test (cortisolONDST). Information about current smoking was collected from the patient’s records. Results: We studied 1044 patients, of whom 370 (35%) were current smokers. Of these, 22% had bilateral AI compared to 12% of the non-smokers (P < 0.001). Among patients with unilateral adrenal incidentalomas, smokers had larger adrenal incidentalomas than non-smokers (22 mm vs 19 mm, P < 0.001). Smokers also more often had cortisolONDST ≥50 nmol/L than non-smokers, 54% vs 40% (P < 0.001), a finding independent of the size of the adrenal incidentaloma in patients with unilateral adrenal incidentalomas. Conclusions: In the present study of patients with adrenal incidentalomas, the prevalence of current smoking was higher than in the general population. Furthermore, smokers had larger unilateral adrenal incidentalomas, more often bilateral adrenal incidentalomas, and more frequently ACS/pACS. Whether smoking is a risk factor for adrenal incidentalomas and ACS/pACS or our findings are due to case selection needs to be further studied.

APOEϵ2 allele is an independent risk factor for vulnerable carotid plaque in ischemic stroke patients

2014 ◽  
Vol 36 (11) ◽  
pp. 950-954 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beata Blazejewska-Hyzorek ◽  
Grazyna Gromadzka ◽  
Marta Skowronska ◽  
Anna Czlonkowska
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Carotid Plaque ◽  
Independent Risk Factor ◽  
Stroke Patients

scholarly journals Influenza A among community-dwelling elderly persons in Leicestershire during winter 1993–4; cigarette smoking as a risk factor and the efficacy of influenza vaccination

1999 ◽  
Vol 123 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. G. NICHOLSON ◽  
J. KENT ◽  
V. HAMMERSLEY
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Influenza Vaccine ◽  
Influenza Vaccination ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Elderly Persons ◽  
Current Smoking ◽  
A Prospective Study ◽  
Negative Predictor

In a prospective study of community-dwelling people 60–90 years of age, we examined the coverage of influenza vaccine during 1992–3 and 1993–4, the efficacy of vaccination in reducing serologically-confirmed clinical episodes of influenza A during 1993, and the effect of cigarette smoking. During 1992 and 1993, influenza vaccine was given to 106/215 (49%) and 120/204 (59%) people with risk conditions, and 84/225 (37%) and 103/235 (44%) without risk conditions. Influenza vaccination and general practitioner consultations during 1992 were independent predictors of vaccination in 1993, but current smoking was a negative predictor. Of 209 unimmunized people, 8/35 (23%) smokers had clinical influenza as compared with 11/174 (6 %) non-smokers (OR 4·4, 95% CI 1·6 to 11·9). Of 371 non-smokers, 1/197 (0·5%) vaccinees had influenza as compared with 11/174 (6 %) non-vaccinees (OR 0·075, 95% CI 0·587 to 0·009). No cases of influenza occurred among 21 current smokers who were vaccinated.

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