scholarly journals A REVIEW ON EPIDEMIOLOGY, PATHOGENESIS AND TREATMENT OF LEPTOSPIROSIS

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (09) ◽  
pp. 498-504
Author(s):  
T.V.L. Charishma Devi ◽  
◽  
B. Mounika ◽  
SK. Sharmila ◽  
Satheesh S. Gottipati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Test ◽  
Agglutination Test ◽  
Microscopic Agglutination Test ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Subtropical Zone ◽  
Human Sepsis ◽  
Transmission Of Disease ◽  
Host Tissues

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease, it arises worldwide but it is most frequent in tropical and subtropical zone. It is one of the notifiable and treatable disease. Leptospirosis is a plague caused by species of bacteria called Leptospira the bacteria shed into the nature via urine of infected animals. Rats are the most recurrent source of human sepsis. Rivers are the assumption to be a predominant risk factor for transmission of disease to humans. It possesses an extensive variation of mechanisms that allow them to avoid the host immune system and cause infection. The infection is extremely vast ranging from subclinical to multi organ infection with elevated mortality. It is frequently mild but can be terminal, it is likely to be serious and the serious alignment form known as Weils disease and can easily steer to death. The mingling of renal failure, hemorrhage and jaundice is known as Weils disease. It is the most affection pattern associated with critical leptospirosis. It is accumulating as a serious problem worldwide and superficially existing as co-infections with various unrelated diseases, including malaria and dengue. Laboratory diagnostic tests are not always accessible and usually diagnosis is executed by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) serology and microscopic agglutination test, rapid test are also feasible. The MAT (microscopic agglutination test) is known as Gold standard. Serological tests are most frequently used for the diagnosis of leptospirois. The carcinogenesis of human disease and mechanism of cell membrane injuries which take place mainly due to the occupancy of leptospirosis along with their antigen in host tissues many molecules hand out to the ability of leptospira to invade, colonize and to adhere. In most of the cases antibiotics are preferred to reduce the symptoms of leptospirosis.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Indirect Hemagglutination Assay for Diagnosis of Acute Leptospirosis

1998 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul N. Levett ◽  
Carol U. Whittington
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Value ◽  
Venereal Disease ◽  
Agglutination Test ◽  
Immunoglobulin M ◽  
Microscopic Agglutination Test ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Hemagglutination Assay ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Indirect Hemagglutination ◽  
Human Sera

Serology plays an important role in the diagnosis of leptospirosis. Few laboratories have the resources and expertise to perform the microscopic agglutination test. There is a need for rapid and simple serological tests which facilitate the early diagnosis of leptospirosis, while antibiotic therapy may be most effective. A commercially available indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA; MRL Diagnostics, Cypress, Calif.) was evaluated with multiple serum specimens from 107 patients being investigated for leptospirosis. By using a combination of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods for immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG antibodies and the microscopic agglutination test, 54 patients were found to have leptospirosis and 53 were found not to have leptospirosis. The sensitivity of IHA for the detection of acute leptospirosis was 100%, the specificity was 94%, the positive predictive value was 95%, and the negative predictive value was 100%. IHA was negative when 13 antinuclear antibody-positive sera, 24 serum specimens from patients with syphilis, and 16 serum specimens false positive by the Venereal Disease Research Laboratory test were tested. IHA was shown to detect both IgM and IgG classes of antibodies in human sera. Serum specimens from 27 dogs investigated for leptospirosis were studied: 3 samples gave nonspecific hemagglutination, but for all remaining samples, the results of IHA and an IgM ELISA were concordant. Performance of IHA was simple, and IHA requires no specialized equipment. It represents a useful assay for laboratories which require a leptospiral diagnostic capability but lack the expertise to perform specialist investigations.

scholarly journals Limited Diagnostic Capacities of Two Commercial Assays for the Detection of Leptospira Immunoglobulin M Antibodies in Laos

2006 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 1166-1169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart D. Blacksell ◽  
Lee Smythe ◽  
Rattanaphone Phetsouvanh ◽  
Michael Dohnt ◽  
Rudy Hartskeerl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Accuracy ◽  
Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Agglutination Test ◽  
Immunoglobulin M ◽  
Microscopic Agglutination Test ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Diagnostic Utility

ABSTRACT The diagnostic utility of immunochromatographic (Leptotek) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA; Panbio) tests for the detection of Leptospira immunoglobulin M antibodies was assessed in febrile adults admitted in Vientiane, Laos. Both tests demonstrated poor diagnostic accuracy using admission serum (Leptotek sensitivity of 47.3% and specificity of 75.5%: ELISA sensitivity of 60.9% and specificity of 65.6%) compared to the Leptospira “gold standard” microscopic agglutination test.

scholarly journals Bayesian evaluation of three serological tests for the diagnosis of bovine brucellosis in Bangladesh

2019 ◽  
Vol 147 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. M. A. Rahman ◽  
S. Smit ◽  
B. Devleesschauwer ◽  
P. Kostoulas ◽  
E. Abatih ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Latent Class ◽  
Latent Class Model ◽  
Dairy Farm ◽  
Agglutination Test ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Bovine Brucellosis ◽  
Class Model ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Predictive Values ◽  
Conditional Dependence

AbstractWe evaluated the performance of three serological tests – an immunoglobulin G indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA), a Rose Bengal test and a slow agglutination test (SAT) – for the diagnosis of bovine brucellosis in Bangladesh. Cattle sera (n = 1360) sourced from Mymensingh district (MD) and a Government owned dairy farm (GF) were tested in parallel. We used a Bayesian latent class model that adjusted for the conditional dependence among the three tests and assumed constant diagnostic accuracy of the three tests in both populations. The sensitivity and specificity of the three tests varied from 84.6% to 93.7%, respectively. The true prevalences of bovine brucellosis in MD and the GF were 0.6% and 20.4%, respectively. Parallel interpretation of iELISA and SAT yielded the highest negative predictive values: 99.9% in MD and 99.6% in the GF; whereas serial interpretation of both iELISA and SAT produced the highest positive predictive value (PPV): 99.9% in the GF and also high PPV (98.9%) in MD. We recommend the use of both iELISA and SAT together and serial interpretation for culling and parallel interpretation for import decisions. Removal of brucellosis positive cattle will contribute to the control of brucellosis as a public health risk in Bangladesh.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the performance of three serological tests for diagnosis of Leishmania infantum infection in dogs using latent class analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Asier Basurco ◽  
Alda Natale ◽  
Katia Capello ◽  
Antonio Fernández ◽  
María Teresa Verde ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Leishmania Infantum ◽  
Latent Class ◽  
Rapid Test ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
Latent Class Models ◽  
Canine Leishmaniasis ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Serological Tests

Abstract Canine leishmaniasis (CanL) is a disease caused by Leishmania infantum. Serological methods are the most common diagnostic techniques used for the diagnosis of the CanL. The objective of our study was to estimate the sensitivity and specificity of one in-house ELISA kit (ELISA UNIZAR) and three commercially available serological tests (MEGACOR Diagnostik GmbH) including an immunochromatographic rapid test (FASTest LEISH®), an immunofluorescent antibody test (MegaFLUO LEISH®) and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (MegaELISA LEISH®), using latent class models in a Bayesian analysis. Two hundred fifteen serum samples were included. The highest sensitivity was achieved for FASTest LEISH® (99.38%), ELISA UNIZAR (99.37%), MegaFLUO LEISH® (99.36%) followed by MegaELISA LEISH® (98.49%). The best specificity was obtained by FASTest LEISH® (98.43%), followed by ELISA UNIZAR (97.50%), whilst MegaFLUO LEISH® and MegaELISA LEISH® obtained the lower specificity (91.94% and 91.93%, respectively). The results of present study indicate that the immunochromatographic rapid test evaluated FASTest LEISH® show similar levels of sensitivity and specificity to the quantitative commercial tests. Among quantitative serological tests, sensitivity and specificity were similar considering ELISA or IFAT techniques.

scholarly journals Seroprevalence of brucellosis in patients with prolonged fever in Bangladesh

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (09) ◽  
pp. 939-946 ◽  
Author(s):  
AKM Anisur Rahman ◽  
Dirk Berkvens ◽  
Claude Saegerman ◽  
David Fretin ◽  
Noor Muhammad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Agglutination Test ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Human Brucellosis ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Human Sera ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
First Time ◽  
Sera Samples

Introduction: This study describes the seroprevalence of human brucellosis among pyretic patients and detection of Brucella abortus DNA from seropositive pyretic patients using real-time polymerase chain reaction (rtPCR) for the first time in Bangladesh. Methodology: Blood samples were collected from 300 pyretic patients from October 2007 to May 2008 and subjected to three serological tests: Rose-Bengal plate test (RBT), standard tube agglutination test (STAT), and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA). Risk factors were identified by multivariate Firth’s logistic regression analysis. Brucella genus (BCSP31) and species-specific (IS711) rtPCR were applied to six human sera samples. Results: The seroprevalence of brucellosis among pyretic patients was estimated to be 2.0% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.74–4.30). The odds of brucellosis seropositivity were 8.9 (95% CI: 1.26–63.0) times higher in pyretic patients who handled goats than those who handled only cattle, whereas the odds of brucellosis seropositivity were 9.7 (95% CI: 1.28–73.68) times higher in pyretic patients who had backache compared to those without backache. B. abortus DNA was amplified from all six human sera that tested positive by RBT, STAT, and iELISA. As the agreement between the tests was very strong, RBT is recommended as a screening test for the diagnosis of human brucellosis in Bangladesh because it is easier to use, cheaper, and faster. Conclusions: Brucellosis among pyretic patients is common, and B. abortus is responsible for brucellosis in such patients. Pyretic patients who handle goats and those with backaches should be screened for brucellosis.

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