Effect of organic N-sources on maize yield components

Maize is one of the main staple crops of the world but needs large amounts of nitrogen (N) to achieve a high yield. Mineral N fertilization is one of the main production costs to cultivation and organic N sources could be a cost-effective alternative to mineral sources. We hypothesized that organic N sources could replace mineral fertilizer whilst maintaining high yields. Therefore, our study examined the effect of N supplied through organic sources on the yield of maize and its components and evaluated the economic viability of using organic N sources in terms of cost savings of energy resources. A field experiment was carried out in the Southeastern region of Brazil (São Paulo state) on a Typical Acrudox soil with a clay texture. The experiment was set out in a complete randomized block design, with six treatments (five N sources + control) and four replicates. The treatments were: (A) mineral source (urea - Ur); (B) a by-product from the food industry (Fby); (C) biofertilizer from swine manure (Bs); (D) poultry bedding (Pb); (E) cattle manure (Cm); and (F) control (Co - without N). The maize yield components evaluated were plant height (V6 and R2 stages), root dry mass and morphoanatomy (R2 stage) and, at harvest, grains in ears, thousand kernel weight (TKW), productivity and crop residues dry mass. Economic viability was assessed by considering the cost of each N source in relation to gross economic revenues from the sale of corn. Overall, the results showed that only Fby produced better yield components and was more productive than urea. This source also provided the highest economic revenue and the lowest fertilizer cost for each unit produced. The Pb and Cm sources were less productive than the mineral source, but were better than Bs, which was slightly better than the control (without N application). The same pattern of results was found for economic revenue and fertilizer cost. Bs was the most expensive N source and consequently gave the lowest economic returns to farmers. In summary, the N efficiency of the organic sources as an alternative to mineral sources for high-yield maize was ranked as follows: Fby >Ur> Pb > Cm > Bs > Co.

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Yield Components and Efficiency Index of Maize Yield: Relationship to Yields in Tidal Fields

Jurnal Lahan Suboptimal ◽

10.36706/jlso.10.2.2021.522 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 140-149

Author(s):

Yustisia Yustisia ◽

NP Sri Ratmini ◽

J Amirrullah ◽

Y Juwita ◽

YPAP Hutabarat ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Yield Components ◽

Genetic Material ◽

Maize Yield ◽

Efficiency Index ◽

High Yield ◽

Yield Reduction ◽

Fertilizer Treatment ◽

Regression Equations ◽

Efficient Technology ◽

Hybrid Maize

Identification of the advantages of hybrid maize lines is needed to support the increased production and development of maize in tidal fields. This study aimed to identify the agronomic characters and yield components of hybrid maize lines/varieties and their relationship with high yield and efficient fertilization in tidal fields. The design used was a Split Plot with three replications. The Main Plot was a hybrid maize line/variety (L39/MR4, MGOLD/G8, G28/MGOLD, P27). The subplots were Composite Fertilizer with 2 measures, namely 600 kg/ha and 720 kg/ha. The fertilizers of Urea (50%), SP 36 and NPK (100%) were given at 10 days after planting (DAP). The remaining Urea was given at 30 DAP, 50% and 58.33% respectively in the Composite Fertilizer treatment of 600 kg/ha and 720 kg/ha. The technical culture applied was optimum tillage with the 70 cm x 25 cm spacing, the irrigation being carried out at D/DAP and 15 DAP, the optimal control on the weed and Plant Pest Organisms. The result showed that the number of rows/cobs was an alternative variable in identifying maize lines/varieties with high yield and efficient fertilization. This character was closely correlated with seed/ear weight (r = 0.94) and Grain Yield Efficiency Index/GYEI (r = 0.84). All Genotypes were nutrient efficient (GYEI > 1) except G28/MGOLD (IGYEI < 1). Another approach used to identify efficient fertilization lines/varieties was the variable percentage of yield reduction through regression equations with GYEI (y = - 0.0104 x + 1.0426). The character of high number of rows/cob could be used as genetic material in plant breeding programs. The lines/varieties as a component of efficient technology and high productivity would contribute to increase production and development of maize in tidal fields.

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ANÁLISE TÉCNICA E ECONÔMICA DA APLICAÇÃO FOLIAR DE POLIFOSFATO DE AMÔNIO NA CULTURA DO MILHO

Revista Brasileira de Milho e Sorgo ◽

10.18512/rbms.v15i3.792 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 15 (3) ◽

pp. 377

Author(s):

FABIANO PACENTCHUK ◽

ITACIR ELOI SANDINI ◽

MARGARETE KIMIE FALBO

Keyword(s):

Economic Analysis ◽

Yield Components ◽

Positive Response ◽

Foliar Application ◽

Maize Yield ◽

Ammonium Polyphosphate ◽

Economic Viability ◽

Growth Stages ◽

Maximum Increase ◽

Technical And Economic Analysis

RESUMO – O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar uma análise técnica e econômica da aplicação foliar de polifosfatode amônio na cultura do milho, bem como seus efeitos nos componentes de produtividade da cultura. O delineamentoexperimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições em arranjo fatorial 3 x 3 x 4. Sendo, 3 safrasagrícolas, 3 estádios de aplicação (V13, VT e o parcelamento no V13 + VT) e 4 doses de polisfosfato de amônio (0,5, 10 e 15 L ha-1). Houve influência positiva das doses de polifosfato de amônio estudadas na produtividade da culturado milho. O máximo incremento de produtividade foi obtido com a aplicação de 5,08 e 1,51 kg ha-1 de P2O5 e N,respectivamente, o que corresponde a 9,54 L ha-1 de polisfosfato de amônio. A resposta positiva independe do ano edo estádio de aplicação. O uso de polisfosfato de amônio apresenta viabilidade econômica sendo que o incremento deprodutividade foi de 534 kg ha-1, foi obtido por meio da aplicação de 7,14 L ha-1 de polisfosfato de amônio. A aplicaçãodo polifosfato de amônio não influenciou estatisticamente os componentes de produtividade estudados.Palavras-chave: Adubação foliar, fósforo, Zea mays.TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF FOLIAR APPLICATION OF AMMONIUM POLYPHOSPHATE IN MAIZEABSTRACT – The aim of this study was a technical and economic analysis of foliar application of ammoniumpolyphosphate in maize and its effect on crop yield components. The experimental design was a randomized blockwith four replications in a factorial arrangement 3 x 3 x 4, comprising 3 crop seasons, 3 growth stages (V13, VTand the splitting in V13 + VT) and 4 doses of ammonium polyphosphate (0, 5, 10 and 15 L ha-1). There was apositive effect of doses of ammonium polyphosphate studied on maize yield. The maximum increase in yield wasobtained with the application of 5.08 and 1.51 kg ha-1 of P2O5 and N, respectively, corresponding to 9.54 L ha-1 ofammonium polyphosphate. The positive response was independent of the year and the growth stages. The use ofammonium polyphosphate presents economic viability and the increase in yield was 534 kg ha-1 by applying 7.14 Lha-1 of ammonium polyphosphate. The application of ammonium polyphosphate not statistically affected the yieldcomponents studied.Keywords: foliar fertilization, phosphorus, Zea mays.

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Effect of Biochar on Maize Yield and Yield Components in Rainfed Conditions

SSRN Electronic Journal ◽

10.2139/ssrn.3583644 ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Zafar Ullah ◽

Muhammad Shahbaz Akmal ◽

Muzaffar Ahmed ◽

Mohammed Ali ◽

Aurangzaib Zaib Khan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Yield Components ◽

Maize Yield ◽

Yield And Yield Components ◽

Rainfed Conditions

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Whole cell-based catalyst for enzymatic production of the osmolyte 2-O-α-glucosylglycerol

Microbial Cell Factories ◽

10.1186/s12934-021-01569-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Katharina N. Schwaiger ◽

Monika Cserjan-Puschmann ◽

Gerald Striedner ◽

Bernd Nidetzky

Keyword(s):

Specific Activity ◽

Dry Mass ◽

High Yield ◽

Sucrose Phosphorylase ◽

Bifidobacterium Adolescentis ◽

Enzymatic Production ◽

Intracellular Enzyme ◽

Whole Cell ◽

Freeze Thaw ◽

Thaw Cycle

Abstract Background Glucosylglycerol (2-O-α-d-glucosyl-sn-glycerol; GG) is a natural osmolyte from bacteria and plants. It has promising applications as cosmetic and food-and-feed ingredient. Due to its natural scarcity, GG must be prepared through dedicated synthesis, and an industrial bioprocess for GG production has been implemented. This process uses sucrose phosphorylase (SucP)-catalyzed glycosylation of glycerol from sucrose, applying the isolated enzyme in immobilized form. A whole cell-based enzyme formulation might constitute an advanced catalyst for GG production. Here, recombinant production in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) was compared systematically for the SucPs from Leuconostoc mesenteroides (LmSucP) and Bifidobacterium adolescentis (BaSucP) with the purpose of whole cell catalyst development. Results Expression from pQE30 and pET21 plasmids in E. coli BL21(DE3) gave recombinant protein at 40–50% share of total intracellular protein, with the monomeric LmSucP mostly soluble (≥ 80%) and the homodimeric BaSucP more prominently insoluble (~ 40%). The cell lysate specific activity of LmSucP was 2.8-fold (pET21; 70 ± 24 U/mg; N = 5) and 1.4-fold (pQE30; 54 ± 9 U/mg, N = 5) higher than that of BaSucP. Synthesis reactions revealed LmSucP was more regio-selective for glycerol glycosylation (~ 88%; position O2 compared to O1) than BaSucP (~ 66%), thus identifying LmSucP as the enzyme of choice for GG production. Fed-batch bioreactor cultivations at controlled low specific growth rate (µ = 0.05 h−1; 28 °C) for LmSucP production (pET21) yielded ~ 40 g cell dry mass (CDM)/L with an activity of 2.0 × 104 U/g CDM, corresponding to 39 U/mg protein. The same production from the pQE30 plasmid gave a lower yield of 6.5 × 103 U/g CDM, equivalent to 13 U/mg. A single freeze–thaw cycle exposed ~ 70% of the intracellular enzyme activity for GG production (~ 65 g/L, ~ 90% yield from sucrose), without releasing it from the cells during the reaction. Conclusions Compared to BaSucP, LmSucP is preferred for regio-selective GG production. Expression from pET21 and pQE30 plasmids enables high-yield bioreactor production of the enzyme as a whole cell catalyst. The freeze–thaw treated cells represent a highly active, solid formulation of the LmSucP for practical synthesis.

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Tree species rather than type of mycorrhizal association drives inorganic and organic nitrogen acquisition in tree-tree interactions

Tree Physiology ◽

10.1093/treephys/tpab059 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Robert Reuter ◽

Olga Ferlian ◽

Mika Tarkka ◽

Nico Eisenhauer ◽

Karin Pritsch ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tree Species ◽

Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Prunus Avium ◽

N Uptake ◽

Organic N ◽

Acer Pseudoplatanus ◽

N Sources ◽

Mycorrhizal Association ◽

N Acquisition ◽

Inorganic And Organic

Abstract Mycorrhizal fungi play an important role for the nitrogen (N) supply of trees. The influence of different mycorrhizal types on N acquisition in tree-tree interactions is, however, not well understood, particularly with regard to the competition for growth-limiting N. We studied the effect of competition between temperate forest tree species on their inorganic and organic N acquisition in relation to their mycorrhizal type (i.e., arbuscular mycorrhiza or ectomycorrhiza). In a field experiment, we quantified net N uptake capacity from inorganic and organic N sources using 15N/13C stable isotopes for arbuscular mycorrhizal tree species (i.e., Acer pseudoplatanus L., Fraxinus excelsior L., and Prunus avium L.) as well as ectomycorrhizal tree species (i.e., Carpinus betulus L., Fagus sylvatica L., and Tilia platyphyllos Scop.). All species were grown in intra- and interspecific competition (i.e., monoculture or mixture). Our results showed that N sources were not used complementarily depending on a species´ mycorrhizal association, but their uptake rather depended on the competitor indicating species-specific effects. Generally, ammonium was preferred over glutamine and glutamine over nitrate. In conclusion, our findings suggest that inorganic and organic N acquisition of the studied temperate tree species is less regulated by mycorrhizal association, but rather by the availability of specific N sources in the soil as well as the competitive environment of different tree species.

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PHOSPHATE AND POTASSIUM FERTILIZATION FOR RADISH GROWN IN A LATOSOL WITH A HIGH CONTENT OF THESE NUTRIENTS

Revista Caatinga ◽

10.1590/1983-21252017v30n216rc ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 30 (2) ◽

pp. 412-419 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

ARTHUR BERNARDES CECÍLIO FILHO ◽

ALEXSON FILGUEIRAS DUTRA ◽

GILSON SILVERIO DA SILVA

Keyword(s):

Ground Water ◽

Factorial Design ◽

Leaf Area ◽

Crop Yields ◽

Dry Mass ◽

Plant Leaf ◽

Potassium Fertilization ◽

Chemical Fertilization ◽

Number Of Leaves ◽

Better Than

ABSTRACT The intensive cultivation of vegetables with frequent chemical fertilization may cause accumulation of nutrients in the soil. This, in turn, may reduce crop yields and damage the environment due to contamination of ground water and rivers. Thus, to increase the effects of P (0, 100, 200, 300 and 400 kg ha -1 of P2O5) and K (0, 60, 120, 180 and 240 kg ha-1 of K2O) doses on the growth and productivity of radish cultivars (Sakata 19 and Sakata 25) in a soil with high levels of these nutrients, two experiments were conducted in randomized blocks with the factors cultivars and doses arranged in a 2 x 5 factorial design with three replications. Number of leaves per plant, leaf area, shoot and root dry mass, total and commercial productivity, percentage of cracked roots and P and K contents in the plant and in the soil were evaluated. The Sakata 19 cultivar performed better than the Sakata 25 in both experiments. The fertilization with P or K did not influence the growth and the productivity of both radish cultivars. Therefore, both cultivars of radish evaluated do not need to be fertilized with P and K when planted in a Latosol with high levels of these nutrients.

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Comparison of yield components and plant type characteristics of high-yield rice between Taoyuan, a ‘special eco-site’ and Nanjing, China

Field Crops Research ◽

10.1016/j.fcr.2009.03.005 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 112 (2-3) ◽

pp. 214-221 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

Ganghua Li ◽

Lihong Xue ◽

Wei Gu ◽

Congdang Yang ◽

Shaohua Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Yield Components ◽

High Yield ◽

Plant Type

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Enantioselective synthesis of (R)-tolterodine using lithiation/borylation–protodeboronation methodology

Canadian Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.1139/v2012-069 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 90 (11) ◽

pp. 965-974 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Stefan Roesner ◽

Varinder K. Aggarwal

Keyword(s):

Enantioselective Synthesis ◽

High Yield ◽

Magnesium Bromide ◽

Efficient Synthesis ◽

Boronic Ester ◽

Better Than

The synthesis of the pharmaceutical (R)-tolterodine is reported using lithiation/borylation–protodeboronation of a homoallyl carbamate as the key step. This step was tested with two permutations: an electron-neutral aryl Li-carbamate reacting with an electron-rich boronic ester and an electron-rich aryl Li-carbamate reacting with an electron-neutral boronic ester. It was found that the latter arrangement was considerably better than the former. Further improvements were achieved using magnesium bromide in methanol leading to a process that gave high yield and high enantioselectivity in the lithiation/borylation reaction. The key step was used in an efficient synthesis of (R)-tolterodine in a total of eight steps in a 30% overall yield and 90% ee.

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Ammonia volatilization in no-till system in the south-central region of the State of Paraná, Brazil

Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo ◽

10.1590/s0100-06832010000500020 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 34 (5) ◽

pp. 1677-1684 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Sandra Mara Vieira Fontoura ◽

Cimélio Bayer

Keyword(s):

Controlled Release ◽

Central Region ◽

Ammonia Volatilization ◽

Nh3 Volatilization ◽

The South ◽

N Application ◽

N Sources ◽

South Central ◽

N Source ◽

No Till

Ammonia (NH3) volatilization can reduce the efficiency of urea applied to the surface of no-till (NT) soils. Thus, the objectives of this study were to evaluate the magnitude of NH3 losses from surface-applied urea and to determine if this loss justifies the urea incorporation in soil or its substitution for other N sources under the subtropical climatic conditions of South-Central region of Paraná State, Brazil. The experiment, performed over four harvesting seasons in a clayey Hapludox followed a randomized block design with four replicates. A single dose of N (150 kg ha-1) to V5 growth stage of corn cultivated under NT system was applied and seven treatments were evaluated, including surface-applied urea, ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, urea with urease inhibitor, controlled-release N source, a liquid N source, incorporated urea, and a control treatment with no N application. Ammonia volatilization was evaluated for 20 days after N application using a semi-open static system. The average cumulative NH3 loss due to the superficial application of urea was low (12.5 % of the applied N) compared to the losses observed in warmer regions of Southeastern Brazil (greater than 50 %). The greatest NH3 losses were observed in dry years (up to 25.4 % of the applied N), and losses decreased exponentially as the amount of rainfall after N application increased. Incorporated urea and alternative N sources, with the exception of controlled-release N source, decreased NH3 volatilization in comparison with surface-applied urea. Urea incorporation is advantageous for the reduction of NH3 volatilization; however, other aspects as its low operating efficiency should be considered before this practice is adopted. In the South-Central region of Paraná, the low NH3 losses from the surface-applied urea in NT system due to wet springs and mild temperatures do not justify its replacement for other N sources.

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