scholarly journals Tofacitinib: efficiency and safety in long-term use

2019 ◽  
pp. 64-71
Author(s):  
N. V. Chichasova
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Functional Ability ◽  
Standard Therapy ◽  
Effective Drug ◽  
Highly Effective ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Long Term Studies

The article presents the data of international and domestic controlled studies, in which the effectiveness of topacitinib in the period of 6-24 months is evaluated in respect of clinical and laboratory manifestations of RA activity, progression of destructive arthritis and functional ability of rheumatoid arthritis patients. Also the data of efficiency and safety of tofacitinib in long terms - up to 96 months - are given. According to the results of short- and long-term studies, tofacitinib is a highly effective drug for the treatment of patients with active RA who have not responded to standard therapy with UCVD and GIBP. Tofacitinib is also highly effective in monotherapy. Tolerability of the drug is comparable with other variants of RA treatment.

Short- and long-term studies of sediment dynamics in a small humid mountain Mediterranean basin with badlands

Geomorphology ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 196 ◽  
pp. 242-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Gallart ◽  
N. Pérez-Gallego ◽  
J. Latron ◽  
G. Catari ◽  
N. Martínez-Carreras ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mediterranean Basin ◽  
Sediment Dynamics ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Long Term Studies

scholarly journals Effect of Pericampylus glaucus on plasma glucose concentration and lipid profile in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Kifayatullah ◽  
Pinaki Sengupta
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Profile ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Glucose Concentration ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Plasma Glucose Concentration ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Different Doses ◽  
Long Term Studies

<p class="Abstract">The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of <em>Pericampylus glaucus</em> extract on plasma glucose concentration and lipid profile in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The ethanolic extract were administered orally at three different doses (400, 600 and 800 mg/kg) and glibenclamide (20 mg/kg p.o.) for 21 days after 72 hours of streptozotocin injection. During the short- and long-term studies, the extract was found to possess significant (p&lt;0.01, p&lt;0.001) anti-diabetic activity in normal and diabetic rats compared with untreated normal and untreated diabetic group. It also caused reduction in the level of total cholesterol, triglyceride, and LDL etc. and improvement in the HDL level compared with untreated diabetic rats. Reduction in the fasting blood sugar, cholesterol, triglyceride, urea, LDL, creatinine levels and improvement in the HDL by<em> P. glaucus</em> indicates that plant has anti-diabetic activity along with anti hyperlipidemic efficacy and provides a scientific rationale for the use.</p><p> </p>

scholarly journals The Current Dietary Risk Assessment of Chemicals in Food Underestimates the Actual Risk

2019 ◽  
Vol 73 (10) ◽  
pp. 832-834
Author(s):  
Jürg A. Zarn ◽  
H. Christoph Geiser
Keyword(s):  
Daily Intake ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Dietary Risk ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Exposure Levels ◽  
Design Factors ◽  
Dietary Risk Assessment ◽  
Long Term Studies

Dietary risk assessments (DRA) help determine safe exposure levels of toxic substances in food. Of these, Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI), derived from No Observed Adverse Effect Levels (NOAEL) of long-term toxicity studies, is compared to exposure estimates using lifetime-averaged food intakes. These estimates ignore intermittent high exposures exceeding the ADI; toxic effects of such exposures are considered irrelevant, on the assumption that toxic potency increases with exposure duration, which would be reflected by decreasing NOAELs. However, our statistical analysis of thousands of animal toxicology studies shows that NOAELs after short- and long-term exposure are similar if study design factors are considered. Thus, the short- and long-term potency effects of chemicals are similar. Hence, a short-term toxic effect is generally ignored in current DRA. It accounts for lifetime-averaged but not intermittent high food intakes and, therefore, must be revised. Additionally, there is no added value of long-term studies for ADI derivation.

scholarly journals Efficacy and safety of brexpiprazole in patients with schizophrenia presenting with severe symptoms: Post-hoc analysis of short- and long-term studies

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (8) ◽  
pp. 829-838
Author(s):  
Nicole Meade ◽  
Lily Shi ◽  
Stine R Meehan ◽  
Catherine Weiss ◽  
Zahinoor Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Least Squares ◽  
Social Performance ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
Syndrome Scale ◽  
Scale Total Score ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Negative Syndrome ◽  
Performance Scale ◽  
Long Term Studies

Background: The treatment of patients with severe schizophrenia symptoms can be complicated and expensive. Aims: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the short- and long-term effects of brexpiprazole in patients with schizophrenia presenting with severe symptoms. Methods: Data were pooled from three six-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies and two 52-week, open-label extension studies. In the short-term studies, 1405 patients received placebo or brexpiprazole 2–4 mg/day; 412 brexpiprazole-treated patients rolled over into the long-term studies and received brexpiprazole 1–4 mg/day. More severe symptoms were defined as a Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale Total score >95 (median score at baseline). Outcomes included change in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale Total and Personal and Social Performance scale scores. Results: Brexpiprazole improved Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale Total score over 6 weeks among more severely ill patients, with a least squares mean difference versus placebo of −6.76 (95% confidence limits: −9.80, −3.72; p<0.0001; Cohen’s d: 0.43). Brexpiprazole also improved Personal and Social Performance scale score over 6 weeks in more severely ill patients (least squares mean difference: 4.38; limits: 2.14, 6.62; p=0.0001; Cohen’s d: 0.38). Improvement of functioning was greatest in the ‘Self-care’ domain, followed by ‘Personal and social relationships’. Among less severely ill patients, brexpiprazole was superior to placebo on Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale Total and Personal and Social Performance scale at Week 6. Improvements were maintained over 58 weeks. No new safety or tolerability concerns were observed. Conclusions: Brexpiprazole is an efficacious and well-tolerated treatment for schizophrenia in patients with more severe, and less severe, symptoms.

scholarly journals Air pollution, SARS-CoV-2 transmission, and COVID-19 outcomes: A state-of-the-science review of a rapidly evolving research area

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anushka Bhaskar ◽  
Jay Chandra ◽  
Danielle Braun ◽  
Jacqueline Cellini ◽  
Francesca Dominici
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Time Series ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Study Design ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Long Term Studies

Background: As the coronavirus pandemic rages on, 692,000 (August 7, 2020) human lives and counting have been lost worldwide to COVID-19. Understanding the relationship between short- and long-term exposure to air pollution and adverse COVID-19 health outcomes is crucial for developing solutions to this global crisis. Objectives: To conduct a scoping review of epidemiologic research on the link between short- and long-term exposure to air pollution and COVID-19 health outcomes. Method: We searched PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane, MedRxiv, and BioRxiv for preliminary epidemiological studies of the association between air pollution and COVID-19 health outcomes. 28 papers were finally selected after applying our inclusion/exclusion criteria; we categorized these studies as long-term studies, short-term time-series studies, or short-term cross-sectional studies. One study included both short-term time-series and a cross-sectional study design. Results: 27 studies of the 28 reported evidence of statistically significant positive associations between air pollutant exposure and adverse COVID-19 health outcomes; 11 of 12 long-term studies and all 16 short-term studies reported statistically significant positive associations. The 28 identified studies included various confounders, spatial and temporal resolutions of pollution concentrations, and COVID-19 health outcomes. Discussion: We discuss methodological challenges and highlight additional research areas based on our findings. Challenges include data quality issues, ecological study design limitations, improved adjustment for confounders, exposure errors related to spatial resolution, geographic variability in testing, mitigation measures and pandemic stage, clustering of health outcomes, and a lack of publicly available data and code.

scholarly journals Gap between short- and long-term effects of patient education in rheumatoid arthritis patients: A systematic review

2004 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 388-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karin Niedermann ◽  
Jaap Fransen ◽  
Ruud Knols ◽  
Daniel Uebelhart
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Patient Education ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short And Long Term

On benefits of indirect defence: short- and long-term studies of antiherbivore protection via mutualistic ants

Oecologia ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 126 (3) ◽  
pp. 395-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Heil ◽  
Brigitte Fiala ◽  
Ulrich Maschwitz ◽  
K. Eduard Linsenmair
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Defence ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Long Term Studies

scholarly journals Urolithiasis in the Sprague-Dawley rat

1979 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Paterson
Keyword(s):  
General Interest ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rat ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Long Term Studies

A 7 year collection of calculi from short- and long-term studies with Sprague-Dawley rats showed that although the incidence of rats with urolithiasis was small (0·5%), the variety of sizes and composition of the calculi could be of general interest.

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