scholarly journals The Current Dietary Risk Assessment of Chemicals in Food Underestimates the Actual Risk

2019 ◽  
Vol 73 (10) ◽  
pp. 832-834
Author(s):  
Jürg A. Zarn ◽  
H. Christoph Geiser
Keyword(s):  
Daily Intake ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Dietary Risk ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Exposure Levels ◽  
Design Factors ◽  
Dietary Risk Assessment ◽  
Long Term Studies

Dietary risk assessments (DRA) help determine safe exposure levels of toxic substances in food. Of these, Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI), derived from No Observed Adverse Effect Levels (NOAEL) of long-term toxicity studies, is compared to exposure estimates using lifetime-averaged food intakes. These estimates ignore intermittent high exposures exceeding the ADI; toxic effects of such exposures are considered irrelevant, on the assumption that toxic potency increases with exposure duration, which would be reflected by decreasing NOAELs. However, our statistical analysis of thousands of animal toxicology studies shows that NOAELs after short- and long-term exposure are similar if study design factors are considered. Thus, the short- and long-term potency effects of chemicals are similar. Hence, a short-term toxic effect is generally ignored in current DRA. It accounts for lifetime-averaged but not intermittent high food intakes and, therefore, must be revised. Additionally, there is no added value of long-term studies for ADI derivation.

Short- and long-term studies of sediment dynamics in a small humid mountain Mediterranean basin with badlands

Geomorphology ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 196 ◽  
pp. 242-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Gallart ◽  
N. Pérez-Gallego ◽  
J. Latron ◽  
G. Catari ◽  
N. Martínez-Carreras ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mediterranean Basin ◽  
Sediment Dynamics ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Long Term Studies

scholarly journals Effect of Pericampylus glaucus on plasma glucose concentration and lipid profile in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Kifayatullah ◽  
Pinaki Sengupta
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Profile ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Glucose Concentration ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Plasma Glucose Concentration ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Different Doses ◽  
Long Term Studies

<p class="Abstract">The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of <em>Pericampylus glaucus</em> extract on plasma glucose concentration and lipid profile in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The ethanolic extract were administered orally at three different doses (400, 600 and 800 mg/kg) and glibenclamide (20 mg/kg p.o.) for 21 days after 72 hours of streptozotocin injection. During the short- and long-term studies, the extract was found to possess significant (p&lt;0.01, p&lt;0.001) anti-diabetic activity in normal and diabetic rats compared with untreated normal and untreated diabetic group. It also caused reduction in the level of total cholesterol, triglyceride, and LDL etc. and improvement in the HDL level compared with untreated diabetic rats. Reduction in the fasting blood sugar, cholesterol, triglyceride, urea, LDL, creatinine levels and improvement in the HDL by<em> P. glaucus</em> indicates that plant has anti-diabetic activity along with anti hyperlipidemic efficacy and provides a scientific rationale for the use.</p><p> </p>

scholarly journals Efficacy and safety of brexpiprazole in patients with schizophrenia presenting with severe symptoms: Post-hoc analysis of short- and long-term studies

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (8) ◽  
pp. 829-838
Author(s):  
Nicole Meade ◽  
Lily Shi ◽  
Stine R Meehan ◽  
Catherine Weiss ◽  
Zahinoor Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Least Squares ◽  
Social Performance ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
Syndrome Scale ◽  
Scale Total Score ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Negative Syndrome ◽  
Performance Scale ◽  
Long Term Studies

Background: The treatment of patients with severe schizophrenia symptoms can be complicated and expensive. Aims: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the short- and long-term effects of brexpiprazole in patients with schizophrenia presenting with severe symptoms. Methods: Data were pooled from three six-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies and two 52-week, open-label extension studies. In the short-term studies, 1405 patients received placebo or brexpiprazole 2–4 mg/day; 412 brexpiprazole-treated patients rolled over into the long-term studies and received brexpiprazole 1–4 mg/day. More severe symptoms were defined as a Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale Total score >95 (median score at baseline). Outcomes included change in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale Total and Personal and Social Performance scale scores. Results: Brexpiprazole improved Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale Total score over 6 weeks among more severely ill patients, with a least squares mean difference versus placebo of −6.76 (95% confidence limits: −9.80, −3.72; p<0.0001; Cohen’s d: 0.43). Brexpiprazole also improved Personal and Social Performance scale score over 6 weeks in more severely ill patients (least squares mean difference: 4.38; limits: 2.14, 6.62; p=0.0001; Cohen’s d: 0.38). Improvement of functioning was greatest in the ‘Self-care’ domain, followed by ‘Personal and social relationships’. Among less severely ill patients, brexpiprazole was superior to placebo on Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale Total and Personal and Social Performance scale at Week 6. Improvements were maintained over 58 weeks. No new safety or tolerability concerns were observed. Conclusions: Brexpiprazole is an efficacious and well-tolerated treatment for schizophrenia in patients with more severe, and less severe, symptoms.

scholarly journals Exploring Mechanistic Toxicity of Mixtures Using PBPK Modeling and Computational Systems Biology

2019 ◽  
Vol 174 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Ruiz ◽  
Claude Emond ◽  
Eva D McLanahan ◽  
Shivanjali Joshi-Barr ◽  
Moiz Mumtaz
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Pbpk Modeling ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Computational Systems Biology ◽  
Stream Data ◽  
Short And Long Term

Abstract Mixtures risk assessment needs an efficient integration of in vivo, in vitro, and in silico data with epidemiology and human studies data. This involves several approaches, some in current use and others under development. This work extends the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) toolkit, available for risk assessors, to include a mixture PBPK model of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes. The recoded model was evaluated and applied to exposure scenarios to evaluate the validity of dose additivity for mixtures. In the second part of this work, we studied toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (TEX)-gene-disease associations using Comparative Toxicogenomics Database, pathway analysis and published microarray data from human gene expression changes in blood samples after short- and long-term exposures. Collectively, this information was used to establish hypotheses on potential linkages between TEX exposures and human health. The results show that 236 genes expressed were common between the short- and long-term exposures. These genes could be central for the interconnecting biological pathways potentially stimulated by TEX exposure, likely related to respiratory and neuro diseases. Using publicly available data we propose a conceptual framework to study pathway perturbations leading to toxicity of chemical mixtures. This proposed methodology lends mechanistic insights of the toxicity of mixtures and when experimentally validated will allow data gaps filling for mixtures’ toxicity assessment. This work proposes an approach using current knowledge, available multiple stream data and applying computational methods to advance mixtures risk assessment.

Comprehensive estimate of the theoretical maximum daily intake of pesticide residues for chronic dietary risk assessment in Argentina

2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 256-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darío A. Maggioni ◽  
Marcelo L. Signorini ◽  
Nicolás Michlig ◽  
María R. Repetti ◽  
Mirna E. Sigrist ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Pesticide Residues ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Theoretical Maximum ◽  
Dietary Risk ◽  
Dietary Risk Assessment

scholarly journals Tofacitinib: efficiency and safety in long-term use

2019 ◽  
pp. 64-71
Author(s):  
N. V. Chichasova
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Functional Ability ◽  
Standard Therapy ◽  
Effective Drug ◽  
Highly Effective ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Long Term Studies

The article presents the data of international and domestic controlled studies, in which the effectiveness of topacitinib in the period of 6-24 months is evaluated in respect of clinical and laboratory manifestations of RA activity, progression of destructive arthritis and functional ability of rheumatoid arthritis patients. Also the data of efficiency and safety of tofacitinib in long terms - up to 96 months - are given. According to the results of short- and long-term studies, tofacitinib is a highly effective drug for the treatment of patients with active RA who have not responded to standard therapy with UCVD and GIBP. Tofacitinib is also highly effective in monotherapy. Tolerability of the drug is comparable with other variants of RA treatment.

scholarly journals Water-soluble vitamins: their physiological significance, role in life of humans and their content in the nutrition of the population suffered as a result of Chernobyl accident

2020 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 55-79
Author(s):  
I.T. Matasar ◽  
L.M. Petryschenko ◽  
A.V. Chernyshov
Keyword(s):  
Chernobyl Accident ◽  
Scientific Information ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Vitamin Deficiency ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Daily Consumption ◽  
Family Doctors ◽  
History Of ◽  
Long Term Studies

Aim of the Research. Generalization of information about the properties and history of discovery of water-soluble vitamins, their up-to-date classification, sources of their intake and daily consumption by people of different ages and for people affected by the Chernobyl accident and living in environmentally hazardous areas. The article describes the results and data of long-term studies of the actual consumption of water-soluble vitamins by the population living in radioactively contaminated areas as a result of the Chernobyl accident. Materials and Methods. The presented data of the academic literature on the history of discovery of vitamins reveal their main characteristics and significance for the functioning of the human body. The information about physiological needs and the main sources of vitamins intake are presented. Conclusions. The article is relevant for family doctors, hygienists, nutritiologists, nutritionists and others as a scientific information material on the prevention and correction of vitamin deficiency. Key Words: water-soluble vitamins, vitamin deficiency, daily intake of vitamins, population of environmentally fragile regions, Chernobyl accident.

scholarly journals Air pollution, SARS-CoV-2 transmission, and COVID-19 outcomes: A state-of-the-science review of a rapidly evolving research area

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anushka Bhaskar ◽  
Jay Chandra ◽  
Danielle Braun ◽  
Jacqueline Cellini ◽  
Francesca Dominici
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Time Series ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Study Design ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Long Term Studies

Background: As the coronavirus pandemic rages on, 692,000 (August 7, 2020) human lives and counting have been lost worldwide to COVID-19. Understanding the relationship between short- and long-term exposure to air pollution and adverse COVID-19 health outcomes is crucial for developing solutions to this global crisis. Objectives: To conduct a scoping review of epidemiologic research on the link between short- and long-term exposure to air pollution and COVID-19 health outcomes. Method: We searched PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane, MedRxiv, and BioRxiv for preliminary epidemiological studies of the association between air pollution and COVID-19 health outcomes. 28 papers were finally selected after applying our inclusion/exclusion criteria; we categorized these studies as long-term studies, short-term time-series studies, or short-term cross-sectional studies. One study included both short-term time-series and a cross-sectional study design. Results: 27 studies of the 28 reported evidence of statistically significant positive associations between air pollutant exposure and adverse COVID-19 health outcomes; 11 of 12 long-term studies and all 16 short-term studies reported statistically significant positive associations. The 28 identified studies included various confounders, spatial and temporal resolutions of pollution concentrations, and COVID-19 health outcomes. Discussion: We discuss methodological challenges and highlight additional research areas based on our findings. Challenges include data quality issues, ecological study design limitations, improved adjustment for confounders, exposure errors related to spatial resolution, geographic variability in testing, mitigation measures and pandemic stage, clustering of health outcomes, and a lack of publicly available data and code.

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