scholarly journals Technology choices in scaling up sanitation can significantly affect greenhouse gas emissions and the fertiliser gap in India

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 466-476 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michal Kulak ◽  
Nimish Shah ◽  
Niteen Sawant ◽  
Nicole Unger ◽  
Henry King
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Source Separation ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Scaling Up ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Batch Reactors ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Available Nitrogen ◽  
Large Variability ◽  
Country Level

Nearly 800 million people in India lack access to adequate sanitation. The choice of technology for addressing this need may have important sustainability implications. In this study, we used life cycle assessment to compare environmental impacts and nutrient recovery potentials of four different options for providing everyone in India with access to improved sanitation: (i) centralised wastewater treatment with sequential batch reactors (SBR), (ii) twin-pit latrines, (iii) latrines with source separation only and (iv) latrines with source-separation of urine and faeces connected to biogas plants. Results revealed large variability. Closing the sanitation gap through pit latrines would be expected to cause large increases of India's annual greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, equivalent to 7% of current levels. Source separation only and centralised plants with SBR will be associated with lower GHG emissions, while the biogas scenario shows a potential to provide net emission reduction. The study revealed that source separating systems can provide significant quantities of plant available nitrogen and phosphorus at the country level. Future research should include more technological options and regions. Methodology piloted in this study can be integrated into the planning and design processes for scaling up sanitation in India and other countries.

scholarly journals Integrating BIM with greenhouse-gas emissions in AEC: A scientometric review

2020 ◽  
Vol 143 ◽  
pp. 01008
Author(s):  
Mengyun Li ◽  
Kun Lu ◽  
Hongyu Wang ◽  
Sai Wang
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Development Trend ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Information Modeling ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Building Information ◽  
The Development Trend ◽  
Calculation Analysis

More and more attention has been paid to the application of Building Information Modeling (BIM) in the field of greenhouse-gas (GHG) emissions in Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC). However, systematic analysis and visualization of its development trend have not been carried out. This paper combined digital statistical method and scientometrics to analyse major documents published in the Scopus database from 2008 to September 2019 and discussed the development trend, the main journals co-citation and keywords co-occurrence of this field. And then main challenges and future research were summarized by content analysis. The results show that: (1) the number of articles related to integrating BIM with GHG emissions has increased significantly in AEC, which deserves more and more scholars to study in this field; (2) top cited journals mainly focus on built environment, BIM and clean technology; (3) BIM and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) are the mainstream issues in the calculation, analysis and decisionmaking of GHG emissions. This review provides status quo and existing main challenges of knowledge system of BIM applied to GHG emissions in AEC, and also offers inspiration for future research.

Prospects and Consequences of Repowering Cities

2019 ◽  
pp. 165-180
Author(s):  
Sara Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Climate Change Mitigation ◽  
Urban Climate ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Scaling Up ◽  
Building Capacity ◽  
Smart Governance ◽  
Change Mitigation

This concluding chapter highlights the book's major findings and explores the remaining challenges and tradeoffs inherent in today's locally led climate change agenda. While the cities have made demonstrable progress on reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, they are now facing the challenge of scaling up their efforts as new targets for 2030 loom. The chapter then discusses ways the cities can and are using the governing strategies to do this: by building participatory decision-making institutions, building capacity for climate “smart” governance, and expanding and stabilizing the coalition for climate change mitigation. However, the need for a “big tent” approach to climate change mitigation to make the citywide changes necessary for reducing GHG emissions 80 percent increases the complexity of interests and challenges of coordination. The scope of a viable urban climate change coalition may ultimately set the limits of a locally led mitigation agenda.

scholarly journals Greenhouse gas disclosures by Chinese power companies: trends, content and strategies

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 331-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmood Ahmed Momin ◽  
Deryl Northcott ◽  
Mohammed Hossain
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Reputation Management ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Management Objectives ◽  
Corporate Social ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose This paper aims to investigate the greenhouse gas (GHG)-related disclosure trends, content and strategies of the eight most high GHG-emitting Chinese power companies, over a period when government pressure to manage GHG emissions increased. Design/methodology/approach Data were collected from the 2000-2009 annual reports, corporate social and environmental responsibility reports and websites of eight Chinese power companies. Content analysis results were supplemented with excerpts from documents written in English or Chinese. Legitimacy theory informed the interpretation of the findings. Findings GHG-related disclosures increased from 2002 when the Chinese Government ratified the Kyoto Protocol and promulgated stringent environmental regulations. However, some expected types of GHG-related disclosure were absent or rare. Disclosure practices were found to be underpinned by reputation management objectives and reflected a symbolic rather than substantive legitimation strategy. Research limitations/implications This study extends the literature on GHG-related disclosures by carbon-intensive firms and points to the need for future research to examine such disclosures in different countries to appreciate the variety in practice. Practical implications While the Chinese Government appears to have driven the emergence of GHG-related disclosure practices, companies can effect improvement by expanding the scope and content of what they disclose. Also, the growing emphasis on website disclosures may present challenges in ensuring the reliability and assurance of GHG disclosures. Originality/value This is the first study to examine GHG-related disclosure practices by Chinese power-generating companies, a sector crucial to managing the GHG effects of China’s significant economic growth.

Determining Impacts of NDC Enhancement on Country-Level Emissions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taryn Fransen ◽  
Mengpin Ge ◽  
Tina Huang
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Technical Note ◽  
Paris Agreement ◽  
Ghg Mitigation ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Ghg Reduction ◽  
Nationally Determined Contributions

This technical note describes a method for determining whether and to what extent Parties to the Paris Agreement have enhanced their nationally determined contributions (NDCs) with respect to greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation. We estimate each Party’s target-year GHG emissions under its previous NDC (typically First NDC) and under its subsequent NDC (typically Updated First NDC or Second NDC). On this basis, we determine whether the subsequent NDC reduces emissions relative to the previous NDC and—where possible—by how much. We outline approaches for NDCs with GHG reduction targets and with non-GHG targets and policies.

Determinants of greenhouse gas assurance provider choice

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 114-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendy Green ◽  
Stuart Taylor ◽  
Jennifer Wu
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Accounting Firms ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Provider Choice ◽  
Geographical Dispersion ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose This paper surveys corporate officers responsible for greenhouse gas (GHG) reporting and assurance to determine the attributes that influence their choice between an accounting and a non-accounting GHG assurance provider. Differences in the relative importance of these attributes between those selecting accounting and non-accounting assurers are also explored. Design/methodology/approach A survey questionnaire was completed by 25 corporate officers responsible for reporting and voluntarily assurance of GHG emissions in Australia. The questionnaire asked the respondents to indicate the relative importance of 41 company and assurer attributes in influencing their assurance provider choice. Findings Results indicate that attributes related to the assurance provider, such as team and team leader assurance knowledge, reputation, objectivity and independence, are more influential than attributes related to the nature of the company or the nature of the GHG emissions. Attributes such as geographical dispersion of operations were found to be differently important to this decision between companies purchasing assurance from accounting and non-accounting firms. Research limitations/implications The study’s main limitation is the small number of participants. Future research may extend this study by exploring the conditions under which companies voluntarily assure GHG emissions as well the motivations of responsible officers in their assurer choice. Practical implications This paper provides valuable insights to GHG assurers to assist their understanding of the attributes that are important to potential GHG assurance clients. Originality/value The study makes unique contributions to the assurer choice literature by not only addressing this issue in the context of the dichotomous GHG assurance market but also by addressing it from the perspective of the assurance purchaser.

Assuring a New Market: The Interplay between Country-Level and Company-Level Factors on the Demand for Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Information Assurance and the Choice of Assurance Provider

2016 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 141-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shan Zhou ◽  
Roger Simnett ◽  
Wendy J. Green
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Governance ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Stakeholder Orientation ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Legal Enforcement ◽  
Governance Systems ◽  
Assurance Services ◽  
International Demand

SUMMARY The need for credible emissions reporting has created international demand for a new and specific type of assurance engagement: assurance of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions information. This study provides an examination of the international GHG assurance market to identify key potential determinants of both the decision to assure and the choice of assurance provider. As well as providing details on this new assurance service, we extend current knowledge by undertaking a multilevel analysis of both country-level (stakeholder orientation and strength of legal system) and company-level (corporate governance) variables. After correcting for potential self-selection bias, our results reveal significant variations in country patterns for both of these decisions, with both the demand for GHG assurance services and the preference for an accounting profession assurance provider found to be higher in countries with a stakeholder orientation and a less stringent legal enforcement system. Further, we find company-level corporate governance systems and processes to be a significant moderator of the country-level factors for both decisions. JEL Classifications: M42.

scholarly journals A Survey on Environmentally Friendly Vehicle Routing Problem and a Proposal of Its Classification

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (21) ◽  
pp. 9079
Author(s):  
Erfan Ghorbani ◽  
Mahdi Alinaghian ◽  
Gevork. B. Gharehpetian ◽  
Sajad Mohammadi ◽  
Guido Perboli
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Vehicle Routing ◽  
Vehicle Routing Problem ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Alternative Fuel Vehicles ◽  
Routing Problem ◽  
Different Types

The growth of environmental awareness and more robust enforcement of numerous regulations to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have directed efforts towards addressing current environmental challenges. Considering the Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP), one of the effective strategies to control greenhouse gas emissions is to convert the fossil fuel-powered fleet into Environmentally Friendly Vehicles (EFVs). Given the multitude of constraints and assumptions defined for different types of VRPs, as well as assumptions and operational constraints specific to each type of EFV, many variants of environmentally friendly VRPs (EF-VRP) have been introduced. In this paper, studies conducted on the subject of EF-VRP are reviewed, considering all the road transport EFV types and problem variants, and classifying and discussing with a single holistic vision. The aim of this paper is twofold. First, it determines a classification of EF-VRP studies based on different types of EFVs, i.e., Alternative-Fuel Vehicles (AFVs), Electric Vehicles (EVs) and Hybrid Vehicles (HVs). Second, it presents a comprehensive survey by considering each variant of the classification, technical constraints and solution methods arising in the literature. The results of this paper show that studies on EF-VRP are relatively novel and there is still room for large improvements in several areas. So, to determine future insights, for each classification of EF-VRP studies, the paper provides the literature gaps and future research needs.

scholarly journals Greenhouse Gas Emission from Rice field in Indonesia: Challenge for future research and development

2021 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Miranti Ariani ◽  
Eko Haryono ◽  
Eko Hanudin
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Rice Field ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
Rice Cultivar ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Farming Practice

Rice is an essential crop in Indonesia. Any aspects of rice to increase productivity have been well studied and documented; however, there are still lacking well-documented studies on its environmental aspects, including climate change. Many researches might already be conducted, but only a few have been published in a peer-reviewed journal. There is still a lack of robust data on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the rice field in Indonesia, factors affecting and the technology on how to reduce it. From the reviewed publications, it was found out that research only conducted under a controlled environmental setting. More research on understanding the controlling factors (e.g., water management, rice cultivar, soil types, and fertilizer) of GHG emission from rice field is still needed. The result will introduce a sustainable farming practice,  with low in GHG emissions, high in productivity, simple to apply and generate more income to farmers. This review has identified the gaps for future research and development in Indonesia. The research should meet the need, either national or global strategies. Development of a new farming practice will succeed in the presence of government policies. Therefore an intensive interdisciplinary approach between researcher and other stakeholders should be conducted.

scholarly journals Effects of Rock Powder Additions to Cattle Slurry on Ammonia and Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1652
Author(s):  
Philipp Swoboda ◽  
Martin Hamer ◽  
Michael Stotter ◽  
Thomas F. Döring ◽  
Manfred Trimborn
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Nutrient Release ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
N2o Emission ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Cattle Slurry ◽  
Rock Powder

For several decades, farmers have been mixing rock powders with livestock slurry to reduce its NH3 emissions and increase its nutrient content. However, mixing rock powders with slurry is controversial, and there is currently no scientific evidence for its effects on NH3 and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions or on changes in its nutrient content due to element release from rock powders. The major aim of this study was therefore to analyse the effects of mixing two commercially established rock powders with cattle slurry on NH3, CO2, N2O and CH4 emissions, and on nutrient release over a course of 46 days. We found that rock powders did not significantly affect CO2 emission rates. NH3 and N2O emission rates did not differ significantly up until the end of the trial, when the emission rates of the rock powder treatments significantly increased for NH3 and significantly decreased for N2O, respectively, which coincided with a reduction of the slurry crust. Cumulative NH3 emissions did not, however, differ significantly between treatments. Unexpected and significant increases in CH4 emission rates occurred for the rock powder treatments. Rock powders increased the macro- and micronutrient content of the slurry. The conflicting results are discussed and future research directions are proposed.

scholarly journals Greenhouse Gas Emissions Growth in Europe: A Comparative Analysis of Determinants

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 1012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariano González-Sánchez ◽  
Juan Luis Martín-Ortega
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Carbon Intensity ◽  
Energy Prices ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Country Level ◽  
European Policies ◽  
Main Determinants ◽  
Emission Growth

Understanding the underlying reasons for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions trends in different countries is fundamental for climate change mitigation. This paper identifies the main determinants that affect GHG emissions growth and assesses their impact and differences among countries in Europe. Previous studies have produced inconclusive results and presented several limitations, such as the lack of quality of the data used, the reduced identification of determinants and the use of methods that did not enable hypothesis testing. Conversely, this research identifies an extended list of determinants of GHG emissions, performs an in-depth statistical analysis and contrasts the significance of determinants using panel data and multiple linear regression models for the period 1990–2017 for the main Eurozone countries. The study found that GDP and final energy intensity are the main drivers for the reduction of GHG emissions in Europe. Furthermore, energy prices are not significant and heterogeneous results are found for the renewable energy, fuel mix and carbon intensity determinants, pointing to a different behavior at the country level. The uneven impact of the main determinants of GHG emission growth suggest that a differentiated application of European policies at country level will enhance the efficiency of mitigation efforts in Europe.

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