Ecological aspects of bivalve adaptation to salinity fluctuations on the example of Anadara Kagoshimensis

Impact of salinity stress on the ark clam (Anadara kagoshimensis (Tokunaga, 1906)) hemocyte functions were investigated using flow cytometry and light scattering technique. In control group water salinity was 18 ppm and experimental groups were carried at 14 ppm, 8 ppm, 35 ppm and 45 ppm. Hemolymph osmolarity decreased at hypoosmotic conditions and increased after hyperosmotic treatment. Osmotic stress induced changes in osmotic fragility of the ark clam hemocytes. Salinity 14 ppm did not affect the functional parameters of hemocytes. Incubation of ark clams at salinity and 35 ppm did not influence on the mitochondrial membrane potential of hemocytes but led to a decrease in hemocyte reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by 30 % compared to control. An increase in water salinity to 45 ppm and its decrease to 8 ppm induced substantial changes in the ROS production and mitochondrial membrane potential of hemocytes. Hyposalinity (8 ppm) led to an increase in ROS production by hemocytes (up to 2.4 times) and mitochondrial membrane potential (up to 1.3 times). An increase of salinity level from 18 ppm to 45 ppm decreased the total ability of hemocytes to produce ROS by 11% and increased mitochondrial potential of hemocytes by 150%.

The Alliance of Community-Owned Water Services in Europe: Opportunities and Challenges Based on the Irish Perspective

The foundation of the Alliance of Community-Owned Water Services in Europe (ACOWAS-EU), established during the consultation period for the 2020 recast of the European Drinking Water Directive, has shone a new light on community-owned drinking water supplies (CoDWS). CoDWS are drinking water supplies that are administered, managed, and owned by the local community membership that each supply serves. This paper reviews the presence of CoDWS within the five founding regions of ACOWAS-EU—Austria, Denmark, Finland, Galicia in Spain, and Ireland—and the co-operative model structure that underpins the sector. Although the co-operative structure for CoDWS has been prominent since the mid-20th century (and sometimes even earlier), there is a dearth of research into the sector’s importance and existence in an international context. Through a detailed case study, the Irish CoDWS sector (known in Ireland as the group water scheme sector) is analysed in depth, in terms of both its evolution and the opportunities and challenges it faces today. Areas, such as water quality, biodiversity, education, and community-involvement are discussed in particular, providing key learnings that may also be of benefit to the other CoDWS sectors within ACOWAS-EU and further afield.

Optimal Regulation of the Cascade Gates Group Water Diversion Project in a Flow Adjustment Period

This study focuses on the regulation demand of the cascade gates group water diversion project during the flow adjustment period. A multi-objective optimization regulation model was coupled with the one-dimensional hydrodynamic model and the multi-objective genetic algorithm. Gate opening was used as the decision variable to generate the local operation-oriented cascade gates group regulation scheme. This study considered the Shijiazhuang to Beijing section of the middle route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project. The optimal operation model has a better control effect than the conventional control method, and the number of gate operations was reduced by 23.38%. The average water level deviation was less than 0.15 m when the feedforward control time of the cascade gates group water diversion project was not more than 24 h. The basic mechanism of maintaining water level stability during the short-term scheduling of the cascade gates group water diversion project makes use of the volume capacity, or the space of the channel pool adjacent to the water demand change position, in advance. The multi-objective optimal regulation model of the cascade gates group that was constructed in this study can quickly generate regulation schemes for different application scenarios.

EFFICACY OF P 547/17 FORMULATION ON DERMANYSSUS GALLINAE EGGS AND LARVAE

High reproductive power and short development cycle, in addition to other factors, enable D.gallinae to produce adverse effects in the poultry industry. Not all development stages have the same significance, nor are they equally sensitive to the methods and formulations used for D.gallinae control. Laboratory tests were conducted by exposing eggs, larvae and protonymphs to P 547/17 formulation of inert oils (Pulcap). The testing was carried out with 20% oil-in-water emulsion with short exposure (1 min), and with 10%, 20%, 50% and 100% oil-in-water emulsion with continuous exposure. In the first control group, water was used (with continuous exposure), and in the other control group, eggs, larvae and nymphs were not treated. We determined that in all cases, eggs were laid in high percentage (89-100%). In addition to this, in tested liquids, larvae were present in high percentage and they change into protonymphs (8-89%). In the conditions of full exposure, where parasitic stages cannot leave the emulsion, P 547/17 in time achieves complete efficacy on development stages. In short exposure of eggs, when dirt is present, or on absorbent surfaces, P 547/17 emulsion cannot control them. However, this flaw is not essential in practical conditions. When applied correctly, P 547/17 formulation is efficient in D.gallinae control.

Photobiomodulation of fresh bone marrow aspirate for regenerative therapy

Use of mesenchymal stem cells and low-level laser therapy (LLLT) have been widely studied to promote bone healing. evaluate effect of photobiomodulation on total number of cells (TNC) and cell viability (CV) of fresh bone marrow aspirate (BMA). Femur BMA from 10 adult rats was collected and a cell concentration of 1x107 cell/mL was obtained. Cell suspension was deposited on 96 well cell culture plates and distributed in groups: 1) RPMI, positive control; 2) Distilled Water, negative control; 3) Red Laser (RL); 4) Infrared Laser (IRL). Groups RL and IRL received LLLT application right after incubation. Cells were incubated for 24 h. TNC and CV were assessed through trypan blue assay after 1, 3, 6, 10 and 24 h of incubation. Data distribution was verified by Shapiro-Wilk test. Kruskal-Wallis test was used for intergroup and intragroup comparisons (p<0.05). TNC: after 1 and 3 h, groups RL and IRL presented significantly higher TNC than Group Water; after 6 and 10 h, groups RPMI, RL and IRL presented significantly higher TNC than Group Water. CV: after 1 h, groups RL and IRL showed significantly higher percentage of VC than Group Water; after 3, 6 and 10 h, all groups presented significantly higher percentage of VC than Group Water. It can be concluded that LLLT enhanced number and viability of fresh bone marrow aspirate cells.

Socio-Technical Viability Framework for Micro Hydropower in Group Water-Energy Schemes

Most renewable energy (RE) studies focus on technology readiness, environmental benefits and/or cost savings. The market permeation, viability and adoption of RE technologies such as micro hydropower (MHP), however, require the alignment of other interrelated factors, such as the socio-technical, institutional and political dimensions. This is particularly the case where the energy recovery potential in decentralised water networks is being explored as part of a wholesome sustainability strategy by and for individual and communal prosumers. This study employs a socio-technical approach to understand factors that influence the perceived viability and adoption of MHP in group water-energy schemes. Methods included a progressive literature review to formulate a conceptual framework for the implementation of MHP systems. The framework was validated using survey data from representative stakeholders from groups schemes in Ireland and Spain. These stakeholders were sampled and surveyed at the stage of considering the adoption of MHP in their water networks. The findings highlight the push–pull factors and discusses the opportunities and barriers to the adoption of MHP systems. It confirms that the market, institutional and policy context, cost and financial benefits, social support and collaborative services combine to influence the adoption of MHP technology. Thus, a framework for evaluating the socio-technical viability of MHP systems based on these more realistic integrated, multi-dimensional criteria is proposed.

The use of road transport in the systems of group water supply and wastewater disposal

Из-за неравномерности распределения водных ресурсов по территории России многие населенные пункты и даже города не имеют своих источников водоснабжения и водоемов, куда можно было бы сбрасывать очищенные сточные воды. Для решения этой проблемы проектируются, строятся и развиваются групповые и районные системы водоснабжения и водоотведения. Протяженность таких систем насчитывает сотни и даже тысячи километров. На их строительство и эксплуатацию ежегодно требуются значительные финансовые средства. Поэтому вопросы выбора трасс, состава сооружений и особенно способов транспортировки воды и сточных вод, обоснования мест расположения водозаборов и очистных сооружений являются актуальными и требуют особого внимания и технико-экономического анализа проектных вариантов. Предлагается методика комплексной оптимизации параметров систем водоснабжения и водоотведения, позволяющая определять наилучшие способы транспортирования воды и стоков (трубопроводами либо в цистернах автомобилей), места устройства водозаборов, водопроводных и канализационных очистных сооружений, оптимальные трубопроводные трассы и автомобильные маршруты между этими сооружениями и абонентами. Due to the uneven distribution of water resources across the territory of Russia, many communities and even cities lack own water supply sources and water bodies where effluents could be discharge into. To address this problem, group and district water supply and wastewater disposal systems are designed, built and developed. The length of such systems is hundreds and even thousands of kilometers. Significant financial resources are required annually for their construction and operation. Therefore, the issues of the choice of routes, composition of the structures and especially methods of transporting water and wastewater, justification of locating water intakes and treatment facilities are relevant and require special attention and technical and economic analysis of design options. A method is proposed for the comprehensive optimization of the parameters of water supply and wastewater disposal systems that will provide for determining the best ways of transporting water and wastewater (by pipelines or in road-tankers), location of water intakes, water supply and wastewater treatment facilities, optimal pipeline routes and auto routes between these structures and customers.

Multi-objective optimal operation of reservoir group in Jialing River based on DREAM algorithm

With the implementation of the most stringent water resources management system and the advancement of the construction process of reservoir terrace basins, the research and application of the theory and method of joint operation of reservoir groups are becoming more and more important. The Differential Evolution Adaptive Metropolis (DREAM) algorithm is a sampling algorithm based on the Markov Chain Monte Carlo method proposed in recent years. The algorithm satisfies ergodicity and is good at handling problems with multivariate nonlinearity, high dimensionality, and multi-peaks, and as such the algorithm is a new global optimization solution. This paper elaborated the solution mechanism of the standard DREAM algorithm, and the algorithm was applied to the optimal operation model of the reservoir group in Jialing River. First, we optimized and analyzed the multi-objective supply operation model of the reservoir group water in Jialing River. Then the multi-attribute decision-making and evaluation index system of water supply operation rules for the reservoir group to assess the optimization of the operation model was adopted. Finally based on the results of the evaluation, the best water supply operation scheme for the reservoir group of Jialing River was selected. The results show that the Baozhusi Reservoir can fully meet the planned water supply requirements in dry years, while the two reservoirs, Shengzhong and Tingzikou, need to be weighed against the evaluation indexes of water supply operation. The research provides a theoretical basis for the DREAM algorithm in the optimal operation of the reservoir group and the actual operation scheme for the reservoir group of Jialing River.

ASSESSING SURFACE WATER QUALITY IN FRESHWATER RESERVOIRS IN AN GIANG PROVINCE, VIET NAM

Water quality is critical for a healthy ecosystem, this study was conducted to evaluate the surface water quality in lakes in An Giang Province from 2017 to 2019. Water quality was assessed using variables of temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), total suspended solids (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), nitrate (NO3- - N), phosphate (PO3 4- - P ), ammonia (NH+ 4 - N), and coliforms at nine locationsbelonging to seven reservoirs including O Tuk Sa, Thuy Liem, Soai So, Soai Chek, O Thum, O Ta Soc, and Bung Binh Thien. Water quality criteria were assessed according to the National Technical Regulation on Surface Water Quality (QCVN 08-MT: 2015/BTNMT). Cluster analysis (CA) and principal component analysis (PCA)were applied to group water quality to identify the main parameters affecting water quality in the reservoirs. The findings indicated that the water quality in the reservoirs were polluted by TSS, organic matters (DO was low, while COD and BOD were high), and microorganisms (coliforms). The PCA analysis showed that the watervariables including temperature, pH, DO, TSS, COD, BOD, NO3- - N, PO3 4- - P , NO3- - N, and coliforms significantly influenced the surface of the water in the reservoirs. It is necessary to investigate pollution sources to propose appropriate solutions to treat and maintain the water quality in the reservoirs of An Giang Province .