scholarly journals Enteric viruses in surface water and sediment samples from the catchment area of Peri Lagoon, Santa Catarina State, Brazil

2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 142-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. M. Elmahdy ◽  
G. Fongaro ◽  
C. D. Schissi ◽  
M. M. Petrucio ◽  
C. R. M. Barardi
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Plaque Assay ◽  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
Human Adenovirus ◽  
Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment ◽  
Sediment Samples ◽  
Water And Sediment ◽  
Water And Sediment Samples

This paper aims to quantify human adenovirus (HAdV), rotavirus species A (RVA), and hepatitis A virus (HAV) in surface water and sediments and to determine the viability of HAdV in these samples. Water and sediment samples were collected, and HAdV, RVA, and HAV were quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR); HAdV was also evaluated for infectivity by a plaque assay (PA). For the water samples, HAdV was detected in 70.8% of the summer collections, with 82.4% containing infectious HAdV; the HAdV incidence in winter was 62.5%. For the sediment samples, the incidence of HAdV was 37.5% in the summer collections, with 66.7% containing infectious HAdV; the HAdV incidence in winter was 37.5%. RVA was detected in 20.8 and 45.8% of surface water samples collected in summer and winter, respectively, and 8.3 and 12.5% of sediment samples collected in summer and winter, respectively. HAV was detected only in surface waters, with 54.8 and 12.5% positivity in summer and winter samples, respectively. This study demonstrated that enteric viruses are present in water and sediments and that the presence of infectious viruses should be investigated whenever possible for quantitative microbial risk assessment studies. Combined analyses of water and sediments are important for reliable public health risk analysis of recreational and lagoon waters.

Taking the pulse of Mother Ganga - Revealing the visible and invisible water pollution crisis along the Ganges River

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Krause ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Water Pollution ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
River Network ◽  
Ganges River ◽  
Sediment Samples ◽  
Water And Sediment ◽  
The Ganges ◽  
Water And Sediment Samples

<p>It is probably hard to overestimate the significance of the River Ganges for its spiritual, cultural and religious importance. As the worlds’ most populated river basin and a major water resource for the 400 million people inhabiting its catchment, the Ganges represents one of the most complex and stressed river systems globally. This makes the understanding and management of its water quality an act of humanitarian and geopolitical relevance. Water quality along the Ganges is critically impacted by multiple stressors, including agricultural, industrial and domestic pollution inputs, a lack and failure of water and sanitation infrastructure, increasing water demands in areas of intense population growth and migration, as well as the severe implications of land use and climate change. Some aspects of water pollution are readily visualised as the river network evolves, whilst others contribute to an invisible water crisis (Worldbank, 2019) that affects the life and health of hundreds of millions of people.</p><p>We report the findings of a large collaborative study to monitor the evolution of water pollution along the 2500 km length of the Ganges river and its major tributaries that was carried out over a six-week period in Nov/Dec 2019 by three teams of more than 30 international researchers from 10 institutions. Surface water and sediment were sampled from more than 80 locations along the river and analysed for organic contaminants, nutrients, metals, pathogen indicators, microbial activity and diversity as well as microplastics, integrating in-situ fluorescence and UV absorbance optical sensor technologies with laboratory sample preparation and analyses. Water and sediment samples were analysed to identify the co-existence of pollution hotspots, quantify their spatial footprint and identify potential source areas, dilution, connectivity and thus, derive understanding of the interactions between proximal and distal of sources solute and particulate pollutants.</p><p>Our results reveal the co-existence of distinct pollution hotspots for several contaminants that can be linked to population density and land use in the proximity of sampling sites as well as the contributing catchment area. While some pollution hotspots were characterised by increased concentrations of most contaminant groups, several hotspots of specific pollutants (e.g., microplastics) were identified that could be linked to specific cultural and religious activities. Interestingly, the downstream footprint of specific pollution hotspots from contamination sources along the main stem of the Ganges or through major tributaries varied between contaminants, with generally no significant downstream accumulation emerging in water pollution levels, bearing significant implications for the spatial reach and legacy of pollution hotspots. Furthermore, the comparison of the downstream evolution of multi-pollution profiles between surface water and sediment samples support interpretations of the role of in-stream fate and transport processes in comparison to patterns of pollution source zone activations across the channel. In reporting the development of this multi-dimensional pollution dataset, we intend to stimulate a discussion on the usefulness of large river network surveys to better understand the relative contributions, footprints and impacts of variable pollution sources and how this information can be used for integrated approaches in water resources and pollution management.</p>

Current Status of Contamination by Persistent Organochlorines in the Lower Chao Phraya River, Thailand

1992 ◽  
Vol 25 (11) ◽  
pp. 17-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. Tabucanon ◽  
S. Watanabe ◽  
C. Siriwong ◽  
R. Boonyatumanond ◽  
S. Tanabe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Current Status ◽  
High Frequencies ◽  
Sediment Samples ◽  
Water And Sediment ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Residue Levels ◽  
Chao Phraya River ◽  
Water And Sediment Samples

Water and sediment samples collected from the lower Chao Phraya River and a canal along the river during 1988 - 1991 were analyzed to determine the current status of contamination by organochlorine pesticides, such as HCHs, DDTs, aldrin, dieldrin and chlordanes. Aldrin and dieldrin had high frequencies of occurrence in water samples. The medians of concentrations of these pesticides were approximately one order of magnitude larger than total HCHs and total DDTs. Residue levels of these pesticides varied significantly. Relatively higher levels of aldrin were observed in the upstream; in contrast, residue levels of DDTs were higher in urban area. These phenomena seem to relate to the spraying purpose of these pesticides. Decreasing trends in the residue levels of pesticides during monitoring periods, however, were not observed clearly. Residue levels of organochlorines in the sediment samples were in the order of magnitude of PCBs, DDTs, chlordanes and HCHs.

scholarly journals DISTRIBUTION OF HEAVY METALS IN NATUNA COASTAL WATERS

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophia L Sagala ◽  
Rikha Bramawanto ◽  
Anastasia R.T.D Kuswardani ◽  
Widodo S Pranowo
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Coastal Waters ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Sediment Samples ◽  
Iron Metal ◽  
Water And Sediment ◽  
Standard Level ◽  
Instrument Detection Limit ◽  
Water And Sediment Samples

ABSTRACTThe study of Pb, Cd, Cu, Hg, and As and Fe in Natuna coastal waters, Riau Islands was conducted in November 2012. Water and sediment samples were collected from 35 stations by purposive sampling method and those heavy metals were analysed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer, flame type (FAAS). The results showed that concentrations of total Pb, Cd, Cu, Hg, and As in surface water were below instrument detection limit (2 µg/L for Pb, Cd, and Cu; 0.02 µg/L for Hg and As). Moreover, the concentration of metal Fe in surface water was 0.021-0.054 mg/L. Concentrations of Pb and Cu in sediment were 0.05-22.67 mg/kg and 3.77-11.00 mg/kg, respectively, at which the highest concentrations were found near Binjai Estuary. Those concentrations were significantly below the standard levels set by CCME (2002) and ANZECC/ARMCANZ (2000). Concentration of Fe in sediment varied from 751.13-2309.12 mg/kg and showed similar spatial distribution to Cu-in-sediment. No standard level for Fe in waters was available. Generally, it can be concluded that Natuna coastal water was still uncontaminated.  Keywords: heavy metals, iron metal, Natuna coastal waters.

scholarly journals Allium cepa Bio Assay to Assess the Water and Sediment Cytogenotoxicity in a Tropical Stream Subjected to Multiple Point and Nonpoint Source Pollutants

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. M. Dimuthu Nilmini Wijeyaratne ◽  
L. G. Y. J. G. Wadasinghe
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Allium Cepa ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Sediment Samples ◽  
Water And Sediment ◽  
Sediment Elutriates ◽  
Tip Cells ◽  
Root Tip Cells ◽  
Water And Sediment Samples

The present study was conducted to assess the cytotoxicity of water and sediments of an industrial effluent receiving water body in the western province of Sri Lanka using Allium cepa bioassay. Six sampling sites (Site A: Urban; B: Industrial; C: Water intake for public water supply; D: Industrial; E: Agricultural; F: Reference) were selected from the study area. Ten replicate water and sediment samples were collected from each site, and physical and chemical parameters were measured using standard analytical methods. Cytotoxicity of water and sediment elutriates were measured using Allium cepa bioassay. Despite the significant spatial variations, the overall water and sediment quality parameters of the study sites were in accordance with the standard ambient environment parameters to sustain a healthy aquatic life. In the A. cepa bulbs exposed to water samples, significant root growth variations were not observed within 48 hours of exposure. However, significant root length variations were observed in A. cepa bulbs exposed to sediment elutriates within the 48-hour exposure and the percentage root growth inhibition increased with increase of exposure time. Similar trend was observed in mitotic activity indicating significantly lower mitotic indices (compared to that of the reference site) in A. cepa root tip cells exposed to sediment elutriates than those exposed to water samples. Further, the highest number of nuclear abnormalities was recorded from root tip cells of A. cepa exposed to water and sediment samples from sites B, C, and D. Therefore, it is of extreme importance to identify the composition and speciation of these cytogenotoxic compounds in the tropical climatic conditions and to propose possible clean-up or treatment solutions to overcome this environmental and public health risk associated problem.

scholarly journals Vulnerability of Drinking-Water Wells in La Crosse, Wisconsin, to Enteric-Virus Contamination from Surface Water Contributions

2004 ◽  
Vol 70 (10) ◽  
pp. 5937-5946 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark A. Borchardt ◽  
Nathaniel L. Haas ◽  
Randall J. Hunt
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
River Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Well Water ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Water Wells

ABSTRACT Human enteric viruses can contaminate municipal drinking-water wells, but few studies have examined the routes by which viruses enter these wells. In the present study, the objective was to monitor the municipal wells of La Crosse, Wisconsin, for enteric viruses and determine whether the amount of Mississippi River water infiltrating the wells was related to the frequency of virus detection. From March 2001 to February 2002, one river water site and four wells predicted by hydrogeological modeling to have variable degrees of surface water contributions were sampled monthly for enteric viruses, microbial indicators of sanitary quality, and oxygen and hydrogen isotopes. 18O/16O and 2H/1H ratios were used to determine the level of surface water contributions. All samples were collected prior to chlorination at the wellhead. By reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR), 24 of 48 municipal well water samples (50%) were positive for enteric viruses, including enteroviruses, rotavirus, hepatitis A virus (HAV), and noroviruses. Of 12 river water samples, 10 (83%) were virus positive by RT-PCR. Viable enteroviruses were not detected by cell culture in the well samples, although three well samples were positive for culturable HAV. Enteroviruses detected in the wells by RT-PCR were identified as several serotypes of echoviruses and group A and group B coxsackieviruses. None of the well water samples was positive for indicators of sanitary quality, namely male-specific and somatic coliphages, total coliform bacteria, Escherichia coli, and fecal enterococci. Contrary to expectations, viruses were found in all wells regardless of the level of surface water contributions. This result suggests that there were other unidentified sources, in addition to surface water, responsible for the contamination.

scholarly journals Spatial Variations of the Bacterial Diversity in an Alkaline Lake

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Gozde Ozbayram ◽  
Latife Koker ◽  
Reyhan Akçaalan ◽  
Fatih Aydın ◽  
Meriç Albay
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Bacterial Community ◽  
Bacterial Diversity ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Sediment Samples ◽  
Diversity Patterns ◽  
Water And Sediment ◽  
Alkaline Lake ◽  
Community Profile

Lake Iznik is one of the largest lake of Turkey covering 308 km2 surface area with 65 m max. depth. The lake has alkaline characteristics (Akcaalan et al. 2014). It is a mesotrophic lake that becomes stratified between June-September and well mixed between October-April. Although there are almost 200 lakes in Turkey, there is very little published research focused on the bacterial diversity structures (Ozbayram et al. 2020.) The specific objective of this study was to evaluate the bacterial community profile in the surface water and sediment of the alkaline lake during the winter turnover. For this purpose, the samples were collected from 6 stations (5 on the shore and 1 in the middle of the lake) in February 2020 when the lake was completely mixed. In addition to the surface water and sediment samples, a sample was also collected from the depth of 40 m from the station located in the mid-lake. The water samples were filtered from a 0.22 µm filter and the sediment samples were taken into sterile plastic containers. The total DNAs were extracted using the NucleoSpin® Soil Kit (Macherey-Nagel, Germany) following the manufacturer’s instructions. Bacterial community profiles of the samples were analyzed by 16S rRNA gene-targeted sequencing using Illumina® MiSeq™. Physicochemical parameters were measured as explained by Ozbayram et al. 2020. The pH was between 8.29-8.67 and the Electrical Conductivity (EC) was in the range of 734-996 µS/cm (Suppl. material 1 -Table S1). Whereas the Dissolved Oxygen (DO) levels were measured as 10.12-11.65 mg/L in the surface waters, it was 9.72 mg/L in the 40 m. Among all samples, the highest value of the Shannon and Pielou's evenness indices were calculated for the surface water sample collected from station 2 indicated a more evenly distributed and diverse bacterial community (Suppl. material 1-Table S2). Bacterial diversity patterns of the samples were presented at the phylum level in Figure 1. In compliance with the literature on freshwaters (Zhang et al. 2014), the community was dominated by Proteobacteria species, and higher abundances were determined in the sediment samples (ranged 40.4-50.0 %). Especially, Gammaproteobacteria, Deltaproteobacteria were the major classes of this phylum in the sediment. On the other hand, the composition of bacterial communities in water samples showed a difference in which Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes (in particular, the order: Flavobacteriales) were also predominated the communities. However, the community profile slightly differed with depth (station 6). At the genus level, most of the reads were not assigned any genera. Ilumatobacter, Fluviicola, and Flavobacterium were represented 3.4-7.1% of the bacterial community of water samples. Fig. 1 Overall, due to the complete mixing conditions in the lake, there was a homogenization of the bacterial communities and the diversity patterns were quite similar in the water samples. In further studies, samples will be collected during the stratification and the community structures will be compared.

scholarly journals Microplastics in Sediment and Surface Water of West Dongting Lake and South Dongting Lake: Abundance, Source and Composition

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (10) ◽  
pp. 2164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Changbo Jiang ◽  
Lingshi Yin ◽  
Xiaofeng Wen ◽  
Chunyan Du ◽  
Lixue Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Polyethylene Terephthalate ◽  
Dongting Lake ◽  
The West ◽  
Sediment Samples ◽  
Water And Sediment ◽  
Lake Center ◽  
South Dongting Lake ◽  
First Time ◽  
Water And Sediment Samples

Microplastic pollution was investigated in sediment and surface water in West Dongting Lake and South Dongting Lake for the first time. The abundance of microplastics ranged from 616.67 to 2216.67 items/m3 and 716.67 to 2316.67 items/m3 in the lakeshore surface water of West Dongting Lake and South Dongting Lake, respectively. The highest levels of microplastic pollution were found in the lakes’ outlets. In the lake center sites of the West Dongting Lake and South Dongting Lake, the abundance of microplastics ranged from 433.33 to 1500 items/m3 and 366.67 to 1566.67 items/m3, respectively. Meanwhile, the study found that in lakeshore sediment of West Dongting Lake and South Dongting Lake, microplastic concentrations ranged from 320 to 480 items/m3 and 200–1150 items/m3. Polystyrene (PS) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) were most common in the surface water and sediment samples, respectively. In addition, we suggest that the effects of polymer types in microplastics should be taken into account when considering abundance. This study can provide valuable points of reference to better understanding microplastic pollution in inland freshwater areas.

MONITORING RIVER WATER AND SEDIMENT SAMPLES BY BOTH PIXE ANALYSIS AND RADIOACTIVITY DETERMINATION

2002 ◽  
Vol 12 (03n04) ◽  
pp. 199-208
Author(s):  
YUANXUN ZHANG ◽  
DEYI LI ◽  
YINSONG WANG ◽  
WAIGUO SHEN ◽  
MIN ZHI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
River Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
High Tide ◽  
Nuclear Research ◽  
Environmental Data ◽  
Tandem Accelerator ◽  
Pixe Analysis ◽  
Sediment Samples ◽  
Water And Sediment ◽  
Water And Sediment Samples

In cooperation with the Shanghai Environmental Specimen Bank (SESB) research project and in support of the Shanghai government's comprehensive plan to harness the Suzhou River, we collected water and sediment samples in the every spring season since 1998. The elemental analysis of sediment and water samples was performed by the PIXE technique using the 3 × 2 MeV NEC Tandem accelerator at the Taipei Institute of Physics. The characterization of á and â radioactive levels for water and sediment samples was performed using BH1216, low-background, radioactivity instrument at the Shanghai Institute of Nuclear Research. PIXE results showed that the content of Cl , K , Ca , Cr , Mn , Fe , Zn and Pb in river water gradually decreased with the rising tide. At high tide, their concentrations were minimum, and then once again increased toward the ebb tide. The analysis also demonstrated that the radioactivity of water samples had been gradually decreasing year by year. It was found that the decreasing rate of á radioactivity was a little quicker than that of â radioactivity. Further aspects of environmental data evaluation and assessment are also discussed in detail.

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