scholarly journals Vulnerability of Drinking-Water Wells in La Crosse, Wisconsin, to Enteric-Virus Contamination from Surface Water Contributions

2004 ◽  
Vol 70 (10) ◽  
pp. 5937-5946 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark A. Borchardt ◽  
Nathaniel L. Haas ◽  
Randall J. Hunt
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
River Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Well Water ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Water Wells

ABSTRACT Human enteric viruses can contaminate municipal drinking-water wells, but few studies have examined the routes by which viruses enter these wells. In the present study, the objective was to monitor the municipal wells of La Crosse, Wisconsin, for enteric viruses and determine whether the amount of Mississippi River water infiltrating the wells was related to the frequency of virus detection. From March 2001 to February 2002, one river water site and four wells predicted by hydrogeological modeling to have variable degrees of surface water contributions were sampled monthly for enteric viruses, microbial indicators of sanitary quality, and oxygen and hydrogen isotopes. 18O/16O and 2H/1H ratios were used to determine the level of surface water contributions. All samples were collected prior to chlorination at the wellhead. By reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR), 24 of 48 municipal well water samples (50%) were positive for enteric viruses, including enteroviruses, rotavirus, hepatitis A virus (HAV), and noroviruses. Of 12 river water samples, 10 (83%) were virus positive by RT-PCR. Viable enteroviruses were not detected by cell culture in the well samples, although three well samples were positive for culturable HAV. Enteroviruses detected in the wells by RT-PCR were identified as several serotypes of echoviruses and group A and group B coxsackieviruses. None of the well water samples was positive for indicators of sanitary quality, namely male-specific and somatic coliphages, total coliform bacteria, Escherichia coli, and fecal enterococci. Contrary to expectations, viruses were found in all wells regardless of the level of surface water contributions. This result suggests that there were other unidentified sources, in addition to surface water, responsible for the contamination.

scholarly journals Quality of Drinking Water in the Balkhash District of Kazakhstan’s Almaty Region

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabir Nurtazin ◽  
Steven Pueppke ◽  
Temirkhan Ospan ◽  
Azamat Mukhitdinov ◽  
Timur Elebessov
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Well Water ◽  
Chemical Impurities ◽  
Tube Wells ◽  
Local Residents ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Growth Economic

The thinly populated Balkhash District of Kazakhstan’s Almaty Region lies in the lower reaches of the Ili-Balkhash basin, which is shared by China and Kazakhstan. The district is arid and heavily dependent on inflows of surface water, which are threatened by the effects of upstream population growth, economic development, and climate change. The quality of drinking water from centralized water systems and tube wells in nine villages of the district was analyzed, and the organoleptic properties of water from these sources was also assessed by an expert and via surveys of local residents. Although most samples met governmental standards for the absence of chemical impurities, high concentrations of mineralization, chlorides, boron, iron, and/or uranium were present in some well water samples. Levels of these pollutants were as much as 4-fold higher than governmental maxima and as much as 16-fold higher than concentrations reported previously in surface water. All centralized water samples met standards for absence of microbial contamination, but total microbial counts in some well water samples exceeded standards. Organoleptic standards were met by all the water from five villages, but centralized water from one village and well water from four villages failed to meet standards based on expert judgment. Residents were, for the most part, more satisfied with centralized rather than well water, but there was no obvious relationship between the failure of water to meet standards and the locations or populations of the settlements. This is the first comprehensive assessment of groundwater used for drinking in the lower Ili-Balkhash basin, and although it relies on a limited number of samples, it nevertheless provides evidence of potentially serious groundwater contamination in the Balkhash District. It is thus imperative that additional and more detailed studies be undertaken.

scholarly journals un Identification of enteric viruses from raw water using fluoro-immuno-magnetic separation coupled to RT-PCR

Biomédica ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Raquel Villamizar ◽  
Dioselina Peláez-Carvajal ◽  
Luis Felipe Acero
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Separation ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Contaminated Food

Introduction: Enteric viruses have been associated with the production of a variety of diseases transmitted by the fecal-oral route, carried through contaminated food and water. Given their structure and composition, they are highly resistant to environmental conditions and most of the chemical agents used in the purification processes. Therefore, a systematic monitoring of raw water is necessary to ensure its quality, especially, when it is used as feedstock for the production of drinking water for human consumption. Objective: In the present work the presence of Rotavirus and Hepatitis A Virus was identified by means of the fluoro-immuno-magnetic separation technique (FIMS) in raw water taken from four purification plants in the Norte de Santander department including their water supplies. Materials and methodos: The viruses were captured and separated from the water samples, using magnetic microparticles functionalized with monoclonal anti-Hepatitis A and anti-Rotavirus antibodies. Confocal microscopy was used to monitor the viral concentration process and transmission electron microscopy for morphological visualization of the separated viruses. The reverse transcriptase-coupled polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was applied to confirm the presence of pathogens. Results: The two enteric viruses were identified in most of the analyzed water samples, including their water supply sources. Conclusion: It was possible to determine that the FIMS technique coupled to RT-PCR is highly effective technique in the detection of viral pathogens, in complex matrices such as raw water.

Occurrence of Enteroviruses and Rotaviruses in Drinking Water in Colombia

1986 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 109-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary A. Toranzos ◽  
Henry Hanssen ◽  
Charles P. Gerba
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Tryptose Phosphate Broth ◽  
Water Plants ◽  
Private Homes ◽  
Drinking Water Samples ◽  
Positively Charged

Relatively few studies have been conducted on the occurrence of enteric viruses in drinking water in developing countries. In this study, we sought to apply positively charged microporous filters to the detection of enteric viruses in the drinking water of several major Colombian cities. Finished drinking water samples were collected at several drinking water plants whose treatment included flocculat ion, sand filtration and chlorination. Drinking water samples were also collected from the taps of private homes, hotels and community taps. Viruses were concentrated by passage of 20-99 liters of water through 50S Zeta-plus or 1 MDS Virosorb positively charged filters. Adsorbed viruses were eluted with 10% tryptose phosphate broth adjusted to pH 9.5 and concentrated to a final volume of 2 ml by ultracentrifugation before assay. Enteroviruses were detected by assay on BGM cells and rotavirus by assay on MA-104 cells. Out of eight samples of finished drinking water leaving the plants studied, three were found to contain enteric viruses. Rotaviruses were detected in two samples and enterovirus in one. Two of the samples containing enteric viruses also contained greater than 100 coliforms/100 ml. Rotaviruses were isolated from three tapwater samples and enteroviruses from one. All the tapwater samples which contained enteric viruses had visible turbidity and also contained coliform bacteria.

scholarly journals Monitoring Waterborne Pathogens in Surface and Drinking Waters. Are Water Treatment Plants (WTPs) Simultaneously Efficient in the Elimination of Enteric Viruses and Fecal Indicator Bacteria (FIB)?

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 2824
Author(s):  
Daniel Salvador ◽  
Maria Filomena Caeiro ◽  
Fátima Serejo ◽  
Paulo Nogueira ◽  
Rui Neves Carneiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Fecal Indicator Bacteria ◽  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
Viral Rna ◽  
Indicator Bacteria ◽  
Fecal Indicator ◽  
Water Treatment Plants

Monitoring the quality of water is a requisite to prevent outbreaks related to waterborne diseases, predominantly caused by pathogens like enteric viruses, usually transmitted via the fecal-oral route. This study aimed to survey a group of enteric viruses (Enterovirus, Norovirus genogroups I and II, and hepatitis A virus) in two surface water sources of drinking water, also intending to evaluate the extent of their elimination in the two water treatment plants (WTPs) involved in drinking water production. Correlations between these viruses and fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) were also evaluated. Positive samples for viral RNA were recurrently found by reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and quantified, in genomic copies per liter (gc/L) of sampled water. Viral RNAs were detected in 14 out of 27 samples of surface water, and 21 out of 36 samples of drinking water, NoV II having been the most frequently detected in both (0–78.6 gc/L and 0–12.5 gc/L, respectively). Both WTPs showed variable efficacies in the elimination of viral RNA. Only one correlation was found with FIB, between NoV II and intestinal enterococci. These results recommend the monitoring of enteric viruses over time and their inclusion in the mandatory analysis of water quality.

scholarly journals Enteric viruses in surface water and sediment samples from the catchment area of Peri Lagoon, Santa Catarina State, Brazil

2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 142-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. M. Elmahdy ◽  
G. Fongaro ◽  
C. D. Schissi ◽  
M. M. Petrucio ◽  
C. R. M. Barardi
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Plaque Assay ◽  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
Human Adenovirus ◽  
Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment ◽  
Sediment Samples ◽  
Water And Sediment ◽  
Water And Sediment Samples

This paper aims to quantify human adenovirus (HAdV), rotavirus species A (RVA), and hepatitis A virus (HAV) in surface water and sediments and to determine the viability of HAdV in these samples. Water and sediment samples were collected, and HAdV, RVA, and HAV were quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR); HAdV was also evaluated for infectivity by a plaque assay (PA). For the water samples, HAdV was detected in 70.8% of the summer collections, with 82.4% containing infectious HAdV; the HAdV incidence in winter was 62.5%. For the sediment samples, the incidence of HAdV was 37.5% in the summer collections, with 66.7% containing infectious HAdV; the HAdV incidence in winter was 37.5%. RVA was detected in 20.8 and 45.8% of surface water samples collected in summer and winter, respectively, and 8.3 and 12.5% of sediment samples collected in summer and winter, respectively. HAV was detected only in surface waters, with 54.8 and 12.5% positivity in summer and winter samples, respectively. This study demonstrated that enteric viruses are present in water and sediments and that the presence of infectious viruses should be investigated whenever possible for quantitative microbial risk assessment studies. Combined analyses of water and sediments are important for reliable public health risk analysis of recreational and lagoon waters.

scholarly journals DETEKSI Escherichia coli DAN Angka Paling Mungkin PADA AIR SUMUR DEKAT JAMBAN DIDAERAH WONOAYU, SIDOARJO

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 16
Author(s):  
Putri Anggraeni ◽  
Evy Ratnasari Ekawati
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Well Water ◽  
Pathogenic Microorganisms ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
Water Wells ◽  
Water Well

Water sources are grouped into several groups which are: sea water, surface water, and groundwater. According to the science of health, each person requires drinking water as much as 2.5 to 3 liters per day including the water in food. This research is descriptive research to find out the quality of the water wells in the area Wonoayu Sidoarjo. To find out if there are any impurities bacteria Escherichiacoliin well water. To find out the numbers of the bacteria Escherichia coliand APM on a water well. The results of the sudy of APM well water near the toilet in Wonoayu, Sidoarjo water quality is not recommended bacteriologically in this area. Whereas maximum levels of Escherichiacolipermitted for drinking water according to is 0 or is free from pathogenic microorganisms that originated in feces, while 50% of water samples in the area of  Wonoayu contains coliform. Coliform bacteria in great numbers along with the feces will pollute the environment with 5 positive samples results contain Escherichia coliand 5 negative samples of Escherichia coli.

Enteric viruses in renovated water in Manitoba

1980 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 518-523 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Sekla ◽  
W. Stackiw ◽  
C. Kay ◽  
L. VanBuckenhout
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
River Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
The Town ◽  
Drinking Water Samples

Using various concentration procedures (including the gauze pad method, ultrafiltration, and adsorption–elution), enteric viruses, mainly vaccine strains of polioviruses, were isolated from 61.8% of sewage, 20.5% of effluents, 3.0% of river water, and 6.7% of drinking water samples collected from a waterway system in Manitoba. The presence of polioviruses in the drinking water of the town utilizing this waterway was not correlated with an increase in the number of infectious diseases reported.

Monitoring of human enteric viruses and coliform bacteria in waters after urban flood in Jakarta, Indonesia

2006 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 203-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Phanuwan ◽  
S. Takizawa ◽  
K. Oguma ◽  
H. Katayama ◽  
A. Yunika ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Urban Flood ◽  
Human Enteric Viruses ◽  
Flooded Areas

Floodwaters in Kampung Melayu village, Jakarta, Indonesia, as well as river water and consumable water (including groundwater and tap water) samples in flooded and non-flooded areas, were quantitatively analysed to assess occurrence of viruses and total coliforms and E. coli as bacterial indicators after flooding event. High numbers of enterovirus, hepatitis A virus, norovirus (G1, G2) and adenovirus were detected at high concentration in floodwaters and waters sampled from Ciliwung River which runs across metropolitan Jakarta and is used widely for agriculture and domestic purposes by poor residents. One out of three groundwater wells in the flooded area was contaminated with all viruses tested while no viruses were found in groundwater samples in non-flooded areas and tap water samples. The results revealed that human enteric viruses, especially hepatitis A virus and adenovirus, were prevalent in Jakarta, Indonesia. This study suggested that flooding posed a higher risk of viral infection to the people through contamination of drinking water sources or direct contact with floodwaters.

scholarly journals Genetic analysis of hepatitis A virus strains recovered from the environment and from patients with acute hepatitis

2001 ◽  
Vol 82 (12) ◽  
pp. 2955-2963 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonia Pina ◽  
Maria Buti ◽  
Rosend Jardí ◽  
Pilar Clemente-Casares ◽  
Joan Jofre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Hepatitis ◽  
River Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Genotype I ◽  
River Water Samples

The molecular epidemiology of hepatitis A virus (HAV) was studied by analysing HAV strains recovered from environmental water samples over a 7 year period and strains recovered from patients with acute hepatitis over a 5 year period. A total of 54 samples of raw domestic sewage and 66 samples of river water were collected. HAV particles were concentrated and detected by nested RT–PCR. HAV infection in patients with acute hepatitis was serologically diagnosed in 26 of 74 serum samples, which were also analysed by nested RT–PCR. HAV RNA was detected in 57·4% of sewage samples, 39·2% of Llobregat river water samples, 20% of Ter river water samples and 61·6% of serum samples. The HAV genomes detected were characterized further by directly sequencing a region of the 5′ non-translated region, the VP1/2A junction region and, in some samples, the 2B region. Results showed a 95% prevalence of genotype I, with nearly 50% being either subgenotype IA or subgenotype IB. Various strains were found simultaneously in both environmental and clinical samples. These strains were closely related to those described in distant geographical areas. Genotype IIIA was also found in 5% of sewage samples and in 12·5% of serum samples. Strains belonging to a common endemic genotype were not identified. The abundance of HAV in the environment produces a situation of sanitary risk, especially considering the low prevalence of antibodies in the young population.

scholarly journals Individual Water Sources and their Potential Effect on Human and Animal Health in Environmentally Burdened Region

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 82-94
Author(s):  
T. Hrušková ◽  
N. Sasáková ◽  
Z. Bujdošová ◽  
A. Sobeková ◽  
E. Šubová
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Organic Pollution ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Well Water ◽  
Drinking Water Source

AbstractThe quality of water in a well that serves as an individual drinking water source, located in the Slovakian region previously burdened with mining activities, was investigated in relation to the quality of surface water in the same region. Selected microbiological and physicochemical parameters were determined in samples of ground water (well) and surface water (brook and river). Plate counts of coliform bacteria, E. coli, enterococci and bacteria cultivated at 22 °C and 37 °C were determined. Microbiological quality of samples collected from the well was generally satisfactory. Examination of the samples of surface water (river) showed a significant organic pollution indicated by fluorescence spectra. In all water samples the values of: pH, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, ammonium ions, nitrites, nitrates, chlorides and chemical oxygen demand (CODMn) were below the limits set by the state legislation. In the surface water, high levels of arsenic were found. The sum of calcium and magnesium in the well water was close to or below the recommended minimum level. In this well water, the level of antimony exceeded 10-fold the maximum limit for drinking water and was of the largest concern as this well water has been used for drinking, cooking, and watering of animals and vegetables for a long period of time. This poses a risk of accumulation of this metalloid in the food chain.

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