Some international experiences in promoting the recent advances in practical leakage management

2006 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Fantozzi ◽  
Alain Lalonde ◽  
Allan Lambert ◽  
Tim Waldron
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Task Force ◽  
Pressure Management ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Active Pressure ◽  
International Experiences ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Leakage Control ◽  
Water Loss Management

Substantial advances have been made by the IWA Water Losses Task Force in the last few years in the development of practical water loss management methods, including the benefits of active pressure management, calculation of economic intervention frequency for active leakage control, and economic levels of leakage. This paper reviews experiences to date in introducing and disseminating these advances to Utilities internationally, with particular reference to Australia, Europe, and North America.

scholarly journals Water Loss Management in Small Municipalities: The Situation in Tyrol

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 3446
Author(s):  
Martin Oberascher ◽  
Michael Möderl ◽  
Robert Sitzenfrei
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Support Network ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Water Loss Management

Water losses in water distribution networks (WDNs) are unavoidable. Water losses are evaluated based on performance indicators (PIs) and used for future recommendations for network operators to take measures against water losses. However, these evaluations primarily focus on large and medium sized WDN and do not deal with the challenges of small WDNs (e.g., technical, and financial limitations, missing data). Therefore, an appropriate water loss management is a major challenge for operators in the federal state of Tyrol (Austria) due to the high number of small WDNs, e.g., low income in combination with long network lengths. In this regard, this work specifies and discusses state funding in Austria to support network operators to reduce water losses. To assess the impacts on management strategies, 40 WDNs, supplying 200 to 16,000 inhabitants, are investigated in detail. As the comparison of different PIs shows, a volume related PI (e.g., water loss volume divided by total water demand) is recommend as the decision criterion for local authorities due to minimal efforts and its easy calculation. Moreover, public funding helps to significantly reduce water losses in individual systems, but countermeasures should be different for small and larger WDNs. For example, leakage detection campaigns and rehabilitation planning based on pipe age should be established in future for larger WDNs in Tyrol. In contrast, an online flow metering system to monitor system inflows is suggested for small WDNs. Based on measurement data, leakages and burst can be detected and repaired swiftly.

scholarly journals q-Rung Orthopair Fuzzy Geometric Aggregation Operators Based on Generalized and Group-Generalized Parameters with Application to Water Loss Management

Symmetry ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 1236
Author(s):  
Muhammad Riaz ◽  
Ayesha Razzaq ◽  
Humaira Kalsoom ◽  
Dragan Pamučar ◽  
Hafiz Muhammad Athar Farid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Fuzzy Set ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Intuitionistic Fuzzy Set ◽  
Aggregation Operator ◽  
Aggregation Operators ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Pythagorean Fuzzy Set ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Water Loss Management

The notions of fuzzy set (FS) and intuitionistic fuzzy set (IFS) make a major contribution to dealing with practical situations in an indeterminate and imprecise framework, but there are some limitations. Pythagorean fuzzy set (PFS) is an extended form of the IFS, in which degree of truthness and degree of falsity meet the condition 0≤Θ˘2(x)+K2(x)≤1. Another extension of PFS is a q´-rung orthopair fuzzy set (q´-ROFS), in which truthness degree and falsity degree meet the condition 0≤Θ˘q´(x)+Kq´(x)≤1,(q´≥1), so they can characterize the scope of imprecise information in more comprehensive way. q´-ROFS theory is superior to FS, IFS, and PFS theory with distinguished characteristics. This study develops a few aggregation operators (AOs) for the fusion of q´-ROF information and introduces a new approach to decision-making based on the proposed operators. In the framework of this investigation, the idea of a generalized parameter is integrated into the q´-ROFS theory and different generalized q´-ROF geometric aggregation operators are presented. Subsequently, the AOs are extended to a “group-based generalized parameter”, with the perception of different specialists/decision makers. We developed q´-ROF geometric aggregation operator under generalized parameter and q´-ROF geometric aggregation operator under group-based generalized parameter. Increased water requirements, in parallel with water scarcity, force water utilities in developing countries to follow complex operating techniques for the distribution of the available amounts of water. Reducing water losses from water supply systems can help to bridge the gap between supply and demand. Finally, a decision-making approach based on the proposed operator is being built to solve the problems under the q´-ROF environment. An illustrative example related to water loss management has been given to show the validity of the developed method. Comparison analysis between the proposed and the existing operators have been performed in term of counter-intuitive cases for showing the liability and dominance of proposed techniques to the existing one is also considered.

Use of district metered areas coupled with pressure optimisation to reduce leakage

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bambos Charalambous
Keyword(s):  
Water Loss ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Task Force ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Water Losses

Water shortage and the future threat posed by changing climatic conditions has intensified the need for the development of appropriate water management approaches, which aim at keeping a balance between water supply and demand. Losses from water distribution systems must be of concern to every water utility, especially in areas of our planet where water is found in very limited quantities. It is therefore imperative that water utilities apply simple and effective methodologies in accounting for water losses from their transmission and distribution systems. The Water Loss Task Force (WLTF) of the International Water Association (IWA) has established a water audit method, which traces water from its source right through the system and derives at the end the revenue and non-revenue component, in other words is a methodology for water accountability and an integrated approach to water loss control. The Water Board of Lemesos, Cyprus recognised at a very early stage the importance and significance of establishing a proper water audit system and has over the years developed its infrastructure in such a way in order to be able to account efficiently and accurately for all water produced. Reduction and control of water loss was achieved through the application of a holistic strategy based on the approach developed by the WLTF of the IWA. Integral part of this approach is the establishment and operation of DMAs.

scholarly journals Recent advances in calculating economic intervention frequency for active leakage control, and implications for calculation of economic leakage levels

2005 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 263-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.O. Lambert ◽  
M. Fantozzi
Keyword(s):  
Task Force ◽  
Control Policy ◽  
Practical Method ◽  
Confidence Limits ◽  
Natural Rate ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Technical Management ◽  
Leakage Control ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Current Water

During the last decade, IWA Water Losses Task Force members have developed a systematic practical approach to the technical management of non-revenue water and its components, with (since 2002) increasing use of 95% confidence limits in these calculations. The current Water Losses Task Force has recently set itself an objective to develop a quick and practical method for calculating economic intervention (for active leakage control to locate unreported leaks and bursts), and short-run economic leakage level. This paper outlines a quick and practical method for assessing economic intervention frequency (and associated budgetary and volumetric parameters) for an active leakage control policy based on regular survey. Calculations are based on three key parameters: natural rate of rise of unreported leakage, marginal cost of water, and cost of intervention. It is hoped this will encourage Utilities that do not currently undertake active leakage control to adopt an ongoing basic active leakage control policy which can be simply demonstrated as being economic for their own situation.

scholarly journals The use of Frontier Analysis to assess the technical rigor of water loss performance indicators

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 102-117
Author(s):  
Alan S. Wyatt
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Best Practices ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Performance Indicators ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Frontier Analysis ◽  
Water Association ◽  
International Water ◽  
And Performance

Abstract The American Water Works Association (AWWA) has developed and disseminated advanced methods and performance indicators for assessing and reducing water losses in North America, based in large part on the methods and indicators developed by the International Water Association (IWA). However, many utilities and regulators still use the old, inaccurate, %NRW indicator. A robust, quantitative assessment of the technical rigor of water loss indicators was needed but could not be found in the literature. So, an innovative approach was developed, using Frontier Analysis which provided such a score of ‘technical rigor’. This paper presents this method, applied to three datasets from North America, assessing 15 candidate indicators for total water losses, apparent losses and real losses. The results provide quantitative ‘scores’ of the technical rigor of the candidate indicators. Indicators with relatively high scores align with indicators used in the IWA best practices. Other indicators, such as the %NRW indicator, were found to have low technical rigor. The conclusion of the paper summarizes the rigorous indicators, and suggests areas for further application of this method, and for further research.

Utilizing analytic hierarchy process (AHP) for decision making in water loss management of intermittent water supply systems

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 534-546 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaher H. Zyoud ◽  
Hafez Shaheen ◽  
Subhi Samhan ◽  
Ayman Rabi ◽  
Firas Al-Wadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Water Utilities ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Analytic Hierarchy ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Intermittent Water Supply ◽  
Hierarchy Process ◽  
Supply Systems ◽  
Water Loss Management

Increasing water demands, in parallel with water scarcity, force water utilities in developing countries to follow complex operation techniques for the distribution of the available amounts of water. The reduction of water losses from water supply systems can help fill the gap between supply and demand. This strategy is characterized by the variety of options, and identification of the most appropriate option is a demanding process. An integrated multi-criteria decision making framework, precisely analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is applied to prioritize water loss reduction options for a typical intermittent water supply network in Palestine. The AHP was applied to structure the decision problem into a hierarchy framework, and four groups of decision makers were engaged to evaluate the elements. The results show that the strategic plan, which comprises controlling and managing operational pressure, was the best option. The selection of this option was highly connected to the conditions of the case study and to the well-known advantages of this strategy to reduce losses. It is anticipated that the developed methodology will help water utilities to identify integrated water loss management plans that will guide utility managers to conduct better control for water losses.

Pressure Management - A Strategic Measure to Reduce Non-Revenue Water in Hong Kong

2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
S.Y. Kwan ◽  
Stephanus Shou ◽  
Tanin Kimshaiyong ◽  
Sherine Sathiasothy ◽  
Kennie Chan
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Pressure Management ◽  
Water Supplies ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Target Values ◽  
Leakage Control ◽  
Non Revenue Water ◽  
The Cost

Active leakage control (ALC) is a key component of the Water Supplies Department (WSD)'s long-term strategy to reduce Non-Revenue Water (NRW). As part of this overall strategy, WSD is implementing Pressure Management (PM) and Continuous Monitoring (CM) schemes in order to manage and control NRW efficiently and effectively and thereby reduce the leakage levels to target values. The PM and CM schemes involve the development of hydraulic models to provide a better understanding of the fresh water distribution system as a whole and enable effective analysis of the system performance under various conditions so as to optimise the designs of District Metering Areas (DMAs) and Pressure Management Areas (PMAs). It is known that pressure management does not only provide short-term financial gains but also has long-term financial benefits such as reduction in pipe failures (i.e. burst frequency), extended asset life, and savings in the cost of repairing main bursts. Reduced water losses will result in more efficient use of existing water supplies. Therefore, a successful leakage control programme can provide long-term water savings and delay the need to develop new water supply sources, which would reduce the amount of water to be treated and distributed, reduce the cost involved in infrastructure upgrading works, and contribute to sustainable development. This paper outlines the methodology adopted and shares with readers the constraints encountered and experience gained in the PM studies undertaken in Hong Kong.

PRACTICAL EXPERIENCES IN APPLYING ADVANCED SOLUTIONS FOR CALCULATION OF FREQUENCY OF INTERVENTION WITH ACTIVE LEAKAGE CONTROL: RESULTS OBTAINED

2007 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego Benvenuti ◽  
Marco Fantozzi
Keyword(s):  
Water Loss ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Data Transfer ◽  
Task Force ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Pressure Measurements ◽  
Leakage Control ◽  
High Initial Cost ◽  
Practical Experiences ◽  
Analysis Models

Due to the activities of the Water Loss Task Force, Utilities are becoming increasingly encouraged to measure inflows to small distribution systems. However, in the experience of the Authors, there are two common problems. Firstly, new potential users are often discouraged by the high initial cost of permanent metering and data transmission. Secondly, they are unaware that pressure measurements, together with the flow data, often allows rapid quantification of water loss management opportunities without the need for setting up detailed network analysis models. The paper will explain the type of broad conclusions that can be obtained from occasional reliable measurements of Zone inflows with portable equipment and the additional conclusions and predictions that can be obtained from pressure measurements at a few selected locations. The paper will also describe a low cost data transfer by e-mail and a software that will allow users to quickly identify an economic frequency of intervention for an active leakage control.

Assessment of water loss in Harare, Zimbabwe

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 519-533 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Gregory Ndunguru ◽  
Zvikomborero Hoko
Keyword(s):  
Water Loss ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Water Leakage ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Proactive Approach ◽  
System A ◽  
High Level ◽  
Water Loss Management ◽  
Real Losses

A major challenge facing water utilities is the high level of water losses, which affects the financial viability and adequacy of water in the system. A study was carried out from January to May 2012 to characterize water losses in selected areas of Harare, Zimbabwe. Assessment of the contribution of water leakage to total water loss was carried out through water audits in four selected suburbs. Minimum night flows were determined over a number of days, and the SANFLOW model was used to determine average real losses. The water loss expressed as a percentage of supply in the four suburbs ranged from 29 to 43%, and was above the level expected for well-performing utilities in developing countries of 23%. Leakage contributed most to the water loss (>70%). For the entire city, the study established that non-revenue water ranged from 43 to 74% over the period 2009–2011. The study concludes that water loss management in Harare is poor, and this is affecting the quality of service delivery. There is a need for Harare to take a more proactive approach to water loss management, including periodic water audits.

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