The concept of real losses as a component of the concept of losses in the sphere of intellectual property: category of law and economics

Keywords: real losses, intellectual property rights, object of intellectual propertyrights, subject of intellectual property rights, right to own, use and dispose of intellectualproperty rights, contractual obligations, non-contractual legal relations This article provides an analysis and formulation of the category of «real losses» in thefield of intellectual property. The categories of «real losses» in relation to the propertysphere and the sphere of intellectual property are analysed and justified.First, the author will consider the concept of «real losses» in the property sphere,which was previously studied by many well-known legal scholars and lawyers. Further,we are talking about the structure and Element-by-Element composition of reallosses. Then, the concept of incurred and future expenses is considered.The author notes that everything that concerns the property sphere will also applyto the sphere of intellectual property to a certain extent, but a significant differencewill be that real losses in these areas apply to different subjects, objects and rights. After that, the author will try to provide and analyse the definition of the concept of«real losses» for regarding the sphere of intellectual property.Further, the author focuses on the concept of intellectual property law, the subjectof intellectual property rights, intellectual property rights, objects of intellectualproperty rights under the Civil Code of Ukraine. Also, the article deals with such conceptsas the rights of the owner of rights: the right to own, the right to use and theright to dispose. Further, we are talking about real expenses in the field of intellectualproperty.Summing up the theoretical material presented above and taking into account thechanges of the author that he proposed, the definition of the concept of "real losses" inthe field of intellectual property is given.According to the author, such a legal norm could be included in the fourth book«Intellectual Property Law», Chapter 35 «general provisions on intellectual propertylaw» of the Civil Code of Ukraine, in the article on losses.

Simulation of a leak's growth process in water distribution systems based on growth functions

Water loss in water distribution systems is one of the major problems faced by water utilities. The components of water losses should be accurately assessed and their priority should be determined. Generally, water balance analysis is used to quantify different components of water losses and identify the main contributor to high leakage rates. The leak flow rate is assumed to be static within a given calculation period during the calculation of real losses. Errors will inevitably arise during this process. This is mainly due to our limited understanding of a leak's growth process. To overcome this problem, the current work proposes the use of growth functions to represent a leak's growth process and establish a functional relationship between the leak flow rate and the leak duration. A leakage development model is adopted to simulate a leak's growth process and optimize the parameters of growth functions. The results show that the Richards function performs better than other growth functions and its mean absolute percentage error is 15.33%. Furthermore, the growth function could be used to calculate real losses and has the prospect of evaluating the effects of leakage detection.

Analysis of household telemetry consumption data for helping in the assessment of apparent and real losses in water distribution systems

O aumento da cobertura de clientes domésticos com telemedição tem levado a uma maior disponibilidade de dados de consumo instantâneo nas Entidades Gestoras (EG) de sistemas de distribuição de água. A análise destes dados, para além de melhorar a gestão dos sistemas de faturação e de gestão de clientes, permite também melhorar a estimativa das perdas de água em cada EG. Com o objetivo de avaliar as perdas aparentes, através da análise de perfis do consumo total, e as perdas reais, por via do estudo do consumo doméstico mínimo, foram realizadas campanhas de telemedição em 275 clientes domésticos referentes a 10 EG. Os perfis de consumo, relevantes para aferição do erro global do parque de contadores, revelaram que os consumos predominantes variam entre 240 e 1000 L/h, sendo o volume medido abaixo de 120 L/h (e.g., devido a fugas domiciliárias) praticamente insignificante. A estimativa do consumo médio de água no período de consumo mínimo (entre as 2 e as 5 h da manhã) foi 1.2 L/(utilizador·h) para contadores DN15 e 2.0 L/(utilizador·h) para contadores DN20. Utilizando análise de clusters, identificaram-se ainda quatro padrões de consumo distintos, diferenciados pelas escalas de consumo, tendências e picos ao longo do dia. Este trabalho demonstrou o potencial das campanhas de telemedição para recolha de dados de consumo. Além disso, forneceu uma metodologia e conjunto inicial de estatísticas sobre o consumo doméstico em cada EG e no conjunto das EG determinante para a gestão técnica dos sistemas de distribuição de água.

Losses of Extracted Crude Hydrocarbons for the Purposes of Application of the Zero Mineral Resources Extraction Tax Rate: A Legal Aspect

In the article the author analyses the terminology of Chapter 26 of the Tax Code of Russian Federation that affect on application of the zero rate of tax in terms of normative losses of hydrocarbons. Based on the analysis current regulation and the concepts of “loss minerals”, “ normative losses”, “real losses”, “process losses”, the author proposes to make certain changes in Tax Code of Russian Federation to more clearly and intelligibly define terminology, and improve the efficiency of using the zero tax rate for taxpayers.

Guaranteed-Adaptive Control of Agricultural Machines Working Processes and Its Efficiency

Theoretical researches of formation of necessary and sufficient conditions of the guaranteed adaptive control (GAC) of the intellectualized agricultural machines working processes in the real-time modes for increase of quality and efficiency of technical and technological solutions of crop products production are carried out. It is investigated that in the conditions of natural uncertainty of factors of agriculture and changing environment during elaboration of GAC of agricultural machines it is expedient to use the principles of guaranteeing and adaptation. The advantage of GAC against the traditional automatic control system (ACS) is the unconditional use of criterion conditions of efficiency under any form of spectral interference density. Quality is guaranteed by a special searchless adaptation procedure (automatic tracking) and modeling of subsystems of agricultural machines, taking into account their complexity in a single hierarchical system. Within the analytical solution of the optimization problem and the search for the optimal functional efficiency of technical and technological solutions, the need for additional formalization of the function of minimizing real losses is proved, which is taken into account at the stages of designing of planned modes of operation and mechanical specifications of machines, determination of optimal combinations of actuators, as well as optimization of dynamic parameters for different load modes.

Simulation of a Water Distribution Network with Key Performance Indicators for Spatio-Temporal Analysis and Operation of Highly Stressed Water Infrastructure

An annual and lumped water balance assessment of a water distribution network is recommended by the International Water Association as a first step and prerequisite for improving the performance of the network by minimizing real/physical water losses, burst incidents, water theft, nonrevenue water, and energy consumption, among others. The current work suggests a modeling approach for developing the water balance of a network spatio-temporarily, in hour time-scale and neighborhood granularity. It exploits already established key performance indicators and introduces some new ones to highlight the potential in improving the management of a water distribution network when having a detailed spatio-temporal supervision, especially when the spatial and temporal conditions are variable. The methodology is applied in a seasonally touristic and hilly case study. Additionally, a pressure management scheme is applied to further exploit the potential of such a toolkit. For the investigated case study, the town of Skiathos, the annual real losses are estimated equal to 50.9–52.2% of the system input volume, while apparent losses are estimated to be about 5.6–6.6%. Losses depict intense seasonal variability. Real losses range from 38.8–39.6% in summer months to 63.3–64.7% in winter months, while apparent losses range from 8.4–9.3% in summer to 1.3–2.5% in winter. Annual water theft is estimated to be at least 3.6% of system input volume. Spatial variability, which is linked to the elevation and the different urban land uses is proven to play a significant role in the neighborhoods’ water balances and various key performance indicators are suggested and applied for the pressure control scheme. The annual potential savings due to the applied scheme rise up to 51,300 m3 for leakage and 53,730 m3 for pressure-driven demand.

Living through Loss: Questions and Answers about Grief and Bereavement

The field of grief therapy is rapidly evolving, as new theories, models and research findings inspire new understandings of loss and how people accommodate it. This article summarizes some of these contemporary developments, emphasizing the search for meaning in bereavement, and illustrates how these fresh perspectives can offer guidance to real people seeking consultation on how to manage very real losses under complicating circumstances. Nurses occupy many roles that bring them into contact with death and grief, leaving them well positioned to extend knowledgeable and compassionate care for patients and families facing such existential transitions

DERIVATIVE FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS, THEIR RISKS AND THE POSSIBILITY OF USING THEM IN THE REGIONAL ECONOMY

The market of derivative financial instruments as a market for contracts for a specific underlying asset (commodity, currency, interest rate, loan debt, etc.) is an area of close interest of researchers, which indicates not only its exclusive role among other sectors of the financial market, but also a significant amount of risks that require careful analysis and evaluation. Presentation characteristics of derivative financial instruments, clearly focused on providing appropriate information to prospective beneficiaries at all stages of both the appearance and existence of derivatives, focused on the possibility of overcoming the risks of investment investments. However, there was no specification of entities that take on the consequences of unfavorable loss-making situations based on the results of operations on the derivatives market. The review analysis shows that real losses are incurred either by representatives of the real sector of the economy, or by hedgers, or by insufficiently successful participants in professional activities in the field of operations with derivative financial instruments. The researchers of the sphere of operations with derivative financial instruments, the tasks of clarification and justification of the essential characteristics, role, functions of derivatives market as at the macro economic level and at the level of the regional economy; the study of logic, laws and patterns of the presence of the derivatives market in the financial relations system of the country as a whole and its regions; justification of the need to identify criteria for assessing the impact of the derivatives market on the stability of the economic system of the Russian Federation and the country's regions; regulatory and legislative regulation and risk management at all levels.