Recycling of refinery effluents – two case studies in India

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 573-582 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Lahnsteiner ◽  
P. Andrade ◽  
R. Mittal
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Low Permeability ◽  
Water Reclamation ◽  
Quality Requirements ◽  
Uf Membranes ◽  
Stringent Quality

In response to environmental stipulations and limited fresh water resources, the Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. Panipat and Essar Oil Ltd. Vadinar had to build water reclamation plants. The plants, which mainly treat refinery effluents, were commissioned in 2006 and 2012, respectively. Advanced multi-barrier systems (including Ultrafiltraion (UF) and Reverse Osmosis (RO)) were employed in order to meet the stringent quality requirements for the recycling of boiler make-up and good results with regard to all the requested standards have been achieved. The Panipat UF membranes have a lifetime of 6 years and rather than integrity, which remains quite good (fibre breakages <0.1‰/year), the main reason for replacement is relatively low permeability (50–60 L/m2*h*bar). The operating cost (including membrane replacement) has been calculated as 0.37 EUR/m3 of recycled boiler make-up.

Recycling of refinery and petrochemical effluents employing advanced multi-barrier systems

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Lahnsteiner ◽  
P. Andrade ◽  
R. D. Mittal
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Ion Exchanger ◽  
Water Reclamation ◽  
Total Removal ◽  
Dissolved Solids ◽  
Petrochemical Process ◽  
Quality Requirements ◽  
Stringent Quality

The Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. Panipat had to build two water reclamation plants as a response to the demands of the environmental authorities. The plants, which treat secondary refinery and various refinery/petrochemical process effluents, were commissioned in 2006 and 2010 respectively. Advanced multi-barrier systems (including ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis) have been employed in order to meet the stringent quality requirements for the recycling of boiler make-up water. Excellent results with regard to the removal of the major parameters such as total dissolved solids (TDS) and silica have been accomplished, e.g. silica is mainly removed by RO (from 11.6 mg/L in the UF outlet to 0.09 mg/L in the RO permeate (99.2% removal)) and is then reduced further to 0.007 mg/L (7 μg/L; total removal 99.94%) in the mixed bed ion exchanger (20 μg/L is the specified limit for boiler make-up water in various power plant guidelines). Both UF process units have shown relatively good performance. The older UF has been in operation for more than five years with still acceptable permeability values and a relatively low number of fibre breakages.

scholarly journals Research Status of Brackish Water Desalination Technology

2021 ◽  
Vol 329 ◽  
pp. 01039
Author(s):  
Qiaonan Yang ◽  
Can Hu ◽  
Jie Li ◽  
Xiaokang Yi ◽  
Jie Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Brackish Water ◽  
Water Desalination ◽  
Quality Requirements ◽  
Farmland Soil ◽  
Low Salt ◽  
Design Requirements ◽  
Desalination Technology ◽  
Selection Of

The serious salinization of farmland soil and the shortage of water resources in arid areas are becoming more and more serious; In order to solve the problem of shortage of fresh water resources, find a resource that can be converted into fresh water; Brackish water is derived from farmland saline alkali land. Brackish water desalination technology has increased interest in scientists' research. However, brackish water can be used as an effective substitute for freshwater conversion because of its low salt concentration and can also be widely used in many water deficient countries. However, partial or total desalting of brackish water is essential to meet the water quality requirements of production and life. The selection of appropriate water resources desalination technology needs to understand the operation methods and technical means of the existing brackish water desalination process. Proper combination of desalination technologies can improve the efficiency of brackish water desalination. This review provides the latest advances in data, materials and categories that can help select and design requirements for specific applications.

USE AND PROTECTION OF WATER RESOURCES OF AZERBAIJAN

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramiz Tagirov ◽  
◽  
Maya Zeynalova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Cultivated Land ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Active Temperature

The article examines the problem of fresh water, since in terms of water supply from its own resources per capita and per 1 km2, the republic is 8 times behind Georgia, 2 times behind Armenia. Significant water consumption in Azerbaijan is caused by its arid territory with a predominance of active temperature and a lack of precipitation, which leads to intensive irrigation of crops. At the same time, artificial irrigation is used on 70% of the cultivated land.

Design Optimization of a Solar-Powered Reverse Osmosis Desalination System for Small Communities

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jihun Kim ◽  
Karim Hamza ◽  
Mohamed El Morsi ◽  
Ashraf O. Nassef ◽  
Sayed Metwalli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Energy Resource ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Water Desalination ◽  
Battery Storage ◽  
Water Stream ◽  
Permeable Membrane ◽  
Small Communities ◽  
Solar Powered

Fresh water availability is essential for the economic development in small communities in remote areas. In desert climate, where naturally occurring fresh water is scarce, seawater or brackish water from wells is often more abundant. Since water desalination approaches are energy intensive, a strong motivation exists for the design of cost-effective desalination systems that utilize the abundant renewable energy resource; solar energy. This paper presents an optimization model of a solar-powered reverse osmosis (RO) desalination system. RO systems rely on pumping salty water at high pressure through semi-permeable membrane modules. Under sufficient pressure, water molecules will flow through the membranes, leaving salt ions behind, and are collected in a fresh water stream. Since RO system are primarily powered via electricity, the system model incorporates photovoltaic (PV) panels, and battery storage for smoothing out fluctuations in the PV power output, as well as allowing system operation for a number of hours after sunset. Design variables include sizing of the PV solar collectors, battery storage capacity, as well as the sizing of the RO system membrane module and power elements. The objective is to minimize the cost of unit volume produced fresh water, subject to constraints on production capacity. A genetic algorithm is used to generate and compare optimal designs for two different locations near the Red Sea and Sinai.

A retrospective assessment of water reclamation projects

1996 ◽  
Vol 33 (10-11) ◽  
pp. 59-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard A. Mills ◽  
Takashi Asano
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
Project Performance ◽  
Financial Assistance ◽  
Water Reclamation ◽  
Control Board ◽  
Retrospective Assessment ◽  
State Water ◽  
Local Water

Stimulated by droughts and inability to construct new freshwater projects, water suppliers in California, U.S.A. have taken a heightened interest in water reclamation in the last decade. Since 1980 the California State Water Resources Control Board has approved financial assistance to local water supply agencies to design and construct water reclamation facilities. Nineteen of these are now operating. There is an opportunity to assess how well projects are performing in relation to their planned objectives, in particular, deliveries of reclaimed water to users. Based on reports on many of these projects, it is found that two-thirds of the projects are delivering 75 percent or less of the expected amounts of water. Data are provided on project performance. A discussion is provided of the problems encountered on many of the projects that account for these deficiencies in yields and have caused other problems in implementation.

A Study of Reclamation of Sewage for Industrial Waters

1991 ◽  
Vol 23 (10-12) ◽  
pp. 2181-2187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kee Kean Chin ◽  
Say Leong Ong
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
Cellulose Acetate Membrane ◽  
Water Reclamation ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Sand Filtration ◽  
Carbon Adsorption ◽  
Activated Sludge System ◽  
Coagulation And Flocculation ◽  
Treatment Train

The performance of a 480 cubic metres per day water reclamation plant was evaluated. The treatment train of this plant was sand filtration or carbon adsorption −0.45 µm cartridge filtration - reverse osmosis desalting - zeolite ion exchange deionisation. The raw water used was reclaimed sewage which had been treated by the activated sludge system and polished by chemical coagulation and flocculation, multimedia sand filtration and chlorination. After the reverse osmosis step using the spiral wound cellulose acetate membrane most of the cations, anions and heavy metals present in the water were removed.

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