A retrospective assessment of water reclamation projects

1996 ◽  
Vol 33 (10-11) ◽  
pp. 59-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard A. Mills ◽  
Takashi Asano
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
Project Performance ◽  
Financial Assistance ◽  
Water Reclamation ◽  
Control Board ◽  
Retrospective Assessment ◽  
State Water ◽  
Local Water

Stimulated by droughts and inability to construct new freshwater projects, water suppliers in California, U.S.A. have taken a heightened interest in water reclamation in the last decade. Since 1980 the California State Water Resources Control Board has approved financial assistance to local water supply agencies to design and construct water reclamation facilities. Nineteen of these are now operating. There is an opportunity to assess how well projects are performing in relation to their planned objectives, in particular, deliveries of reclaimed water to users. Based on reports on many of these projects, it is found that two-thirds of the projects are delivering 75 percent or less of the expected amounts of water. Data are provided on project performance. A discussion is provided of the problems encountered on many of the projects that account for these deficiencies in yields and have caused other problems in implementation.

Water from (waste)water – the dependable water resource (The 2001 Stockholm Water Prize Laureate Lecture)

2002 ◽  
Vol 45 (8) ◽  
pp. 23-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takashi Asano
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Resource ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Quality Criteria ◽  
Water Quality Criteria ◽  
Water Reclamation ◽  
Dependable Water

Water reclamation and reuse provides a unique and viable opportunity to augment traditional water supplies. As a multi-disciplined and important element of water resources development and management, water reuse can help to close the loop between water supply and wastewater disposal. Effective water reuse requires integration of water and reclaimed water supply functions. The successful development of this dependable water resource depends upon close examination and synthesis of elements from infrastructure and facilities planning, wastewater treatment plant siting, treatment process reliability, economic and financial analyses, and water utility management. In this paper, fundamental concepts of water reuse are discussed including definitions, historical developments, the role of water recycling in the hydrologic cycle, categories of water reuse, water quality criteria and regulatory requirements, and technological innovations for the safe use of reclaimed water. The paper emphasizes the integration of this alternative water supply into water resources planning, and the emergence of modern water reclamation and reuse practices from wastewater to reclaimed water to repurified water.

Prospects, problems and pitfalls of urban water reuse: a case study

2001 ◽  
Vol 43 (10) ◽  
pp. 9-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. W. Hermanowicz ◽  
E. Sanchez Diaz ◽  
J. Coe
Keyword(s):  
San Francisco ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Large Fraction ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Reclamation ◽  
Bay Area ◽  
Local Water

This paper presents a successful water reclamation and reuse project in the San Francisco Bay area. The project, which includes a water reclamation facility and a separate distribution system, is operated by a wastewater utility and reclaims approximately 4% of its dry-weather flow. Project history, its design and implementation are further discussed. Planning, and especially demand analysis, was critical for project development. Earlier attempts of water reuse were not successful because reclaimed water quality did not match the requirements of potential large industrial customers. Current customers are a mix of public, commercial and residential users who apply the reclaimed water solely for landscape irrigation. In addition, a large fraction of the reclaimed water is used internally in the main wastewater treatment plant. Early connection of largest customers, innovative collaboration with a neighboring reclamation project and cooperation of the local water supplier were very important for project success. Distribution of internal process water consumes most energy. The second major energy use is for the treatment of reclaimed water while distribution of reclaimed water to external customers requires least energy.

scholarly journals CONSOLIDATION OF ENTERPRISES OF WATER SUPPLY AND WASTEWATER OF UKRAINE WITHIN THE RIVER BASINS: OPPORTUNITIES AND PROSPECTS

World Science ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (8(48)) ◽  
pp. 24-31
Author(s):  
Iryna Krylova
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Resources Management ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
River Basins ◽  
Resources Management ◽  
Model Of Management ◽  
State Water ◽  
Water Companies

The article describes the peculiarities of implementation of the watershed management of water resources management in Ukraine under the conditions of reforming the state water management system, the sphere of water supply and wastewater. The connection between the implementation of the basin principle of water resources management and the search for an effective model of management of water supply and wastewater enterprises are determined. The article deals with the peculiarities of the existing management of the water supply and wastewater system of the country according to the administrative-territorial principle, presents a map of Ukraine by regional division, shows the population of the regions, the number of water supply and wastewater companies operating in the regions, lists the basic water supply and wastewater enterprises. The hydrographic map of Ukraine is presented, it is stated that the modern administrative- territorial division of the territory of Ukraine does not coincide with the hydrographic boundaries of the basins of water bodies of Ukraine, which also complicates the implementation of integrated management in the water sphere. The author of the article proposes to solve the issues of management and production efficiency of water supply and wastewater enterprises by consolidation of water supply and wastewater companies within river basins, separate territories (or regionalization of water supply and wastewater services) and creation of regional water companies on their basis. The article describes the advantages of consolidation of water supply and wastewater companies and gives examples of such consolidation in Ukraine and the prospects for its further implementation.

Optimum use of gravity springs in water supply systems

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 313-318
Author(s):  
K. Tothova ◽  
I. Mrnco
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Variable Yield ◽  
Service Areas ◽  
Potable Water Supply ◽  
Quality Water ◽  
Local Water ◽  
Supply Systems

The potable water supply concept reflects relationships between distribution of available water resources that determine hydrogeological attributes of the region, and distribution of water service areas. The distribution of the water resources is often uneven, which is one of reasons of development of extensive long distance water supply systems. The long distance water supply systems connect deficit areas with surplus water resources areas. For example, the yield of large capacity wells in Danube region near Bratislava is several times higher than the real demand in this region. In this case, water from the wells is transferred by multiple pumping over a long distance (tens or hundreds of kilometres) to the areas with shortage of sources. The Little Carpathians foothills, where local water sources (springs) do not give a sufficient yield all year long. Most of these springs offer high-quality water, but fluctuating yields of the sources and do not guarantee continuous water supply. The sources are important for its quality and yield as well as for their elevation. The elevation potential allows gravity water supply without a need for pumping. However, the water supply systems do not even use average yields of the springs. The balance capacity of the springs is technically designed for minimum yields. Therefore, several reasonable questions arise: Is it efficient to pump and transport water over a long distance even in the time of maximum yields of the gravity springs? How can we determine efficiency rate of use of such yield in its extreme status? The answers can be found in the analysis of the necessary technical measures and investments, and calculation of operating costs of a system dependent on variable yield of gravity springs.

scholarly journals A joint-probabilistic programming method for water resources optimal allocation under uncertainty: a case study in the Beiyun River, China

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 393-409
Author(s):  
Xueping Gao ◽  
Yinzhu Liu ◽  
Bowen Sun
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Resource ◽  
Water Allocation ◽  
Optimal Allocation ◽  
Joint Probability ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Copula Functions ◽  
Local Water ◽  
Allocation Plans

Abstract In recent years, the lower reaches of the Beiyun River have suffered from growing water resource shortages due to the reduction of upstream water resource and drying up of the stream channel. More reasonable and scientifically based water allocation plans should be developed and implemented; however, uncertainties exist regarding the determination of water supply availability and spillage of extra water. To assess and manage regional water shortage, the combined effects of multiple water supply sources as well as the joint probability of typical events should be considered. The joint probability of water supply, considering upstream and local water supplies, was estimated through the copula functions. A multi-objective optimization model was then developed and solved by improved genetic algorithms to plan water resources allocation within a multi-source environment containing multiple competitive users. The framework is demonstrated, and represents a range of different water supply scenarios in terms of different probabilities of occurrence and constraint violations. The results showed that water allocation was greatly influenced by uncertainties, especially in upstream-local water supply. In addition, violating water-allocation constraint posed an extra uncertainty. This study facilitates the proposition of adaption allocation plans for uncertain environments, aiming to balance the shortage, economy, and reliability.

scholarly journals Hybrid water vapor sorbent design with pollution shielding property: extract clean water from polluted bulk water sources

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renyuan Li ◽  
Mengchun Wu ◽  
Yusuf Shi ◽  
Sara Aleid ◽  
Wenbin Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Bulk Water ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Clean Water ◽  
Local Water

The shortage and contamination of local water resources have long been a challenge especially for the off-grid communities without centralized water supply. The emerging solar photothermal distillation lacks the capability...

scholarly journals Study of reclaimed water system in downtown Los Angeles based on system dynamics theory

2020 ◽  
Vol 144 ◽  
pp. 01003
Author(s):  
Gang Wang ◽  
Qingbo Wen ◽  
Liming HU ◽  
Jay N MEEGODA
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
Water System ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Urban Water ◽  
Urban Water Supply ◽  
Over Exploitation ◽  
Supply Costs

The shortage of water resources has seriously restricted the development of cities. Unconventional water resources is of great significance for sustainable development. As a city lack of water, Los Angeles plans to develop reclaimed water as an important component of urban water supply under the conditions of drought and over exploitation of groundwater. In order to provide a basis for urban reclaimed water construction planning, this paper developed a system dynamic model to provide scientific suggestions for the planning of reclaimed water. According to the analysis of Los Angeles water system, the model divides the system into reclaimed water system, urban water consumption system, urban water supply system and water supply cost system. The degree of water shortage, urban water supply, water supply cost, and reclaimed water production were chosen as the model index for the requirement of plan design. The historical data was employed to verify the model, indicating that the model is reliable. Then the plans under different rates of growth of reclaimed water were designed. According to the comprehensive analysis of the model index, the second plan was considered to be the optimal one: increase the local water supply in Los Angeles to 50 percent of the total by 2035 and reduce purchases by 50 percent. Finally, Reclaimed water accounts for 30% of the city’s water supply, meanwhile, water supply costs decline 10%.

Rainwater harvesting in ancient civilizations in Jordan

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.A. AbdelKhaleq ◽  
I. Alhaj Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Central Jordan ◽  
Byzantine Era ◽  
Local Water ◽  
Northern Jordan

One might think that locations of settlements through history depended on the existence of a nearby permanent water source. Wåhlin thinks that anthropologists and geographers seem to have missed that people in settlements in many parts of the Middle East were able to create for themselves a near-permanent water supply in places where nature was not kind enough to place a river or a spring. Several sites in Jordan provide examples of these creations. Despite an arid to semi-arid climate, several civilizations have started and flourished in these conditions. This paper summarizes the types of systems that people have used through history to develop reliable water supplies in this part of the world. Jawa was a settlement in northern Jordan during the Bronze Age that built an extensive hydraulic system. At Um El Jimal, a city in northern Jordan during the Byzantine era, deflection dams, canals and reservoirs provided a local water supply. Neabateans excelled in water management using cut-stone reservoirs in their capital, Petra, and their empire flourished more than 2500 years ago in what is now southern and central Jordan. Underground cisterns found in Umayyad desert castles in different parts of the country reveal similar activities during the Islamic era. Examining how water resources were managed long ago can provide relevant information in facing the water-resources challenges of today in arid lands.

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