Problems in Detoxifying Fresh Waters Polluted by Base Metal Minewaters

1971 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-79
Author(s):  
Vaclav Kresta ◽  
Gerald B. Ward
Keyword(s):  
Chelating Agents ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Contaminated Water ◽  
Total Dosage ◽  
Toxic Compounds ◽  
Mining Sites ◽  
Know How ◽  
Chemical Agents ◽  
Copper And Zinc ◽  
Receiving Waters

Abstract At many mining sites process (milling) and drainage waters escape treatment and cause receiving waters to become contaminated above avoidance or even toxic levels for fish. The present know-how on chemical agents which can be used to complex with copper and zinc to form non-toxic compounds is limited to chelating agents such as NTA or EDTA. Preferential reaction with trivalent ions such as iron means that such ions must be tied up before complexation of copper and zinc can occur. As the amount of iron in contaminated water is usually two to eight times higher than that of copper and zinc, high dosages of chelating agents are usually required. In this project, the use of salts of anthranilic acid, especially calcium anthranilate, was investigated. The consumption of anthranilateions was found to be about the same as that of NTA or EDTA, i.e. four milligrams per milligram of copper or zinc. The total dosage to be applied to contaminated waters would be, however, several times lower as iron is not involved in the reactions and copper and zinc are complexed in that order. Toxicity tests to compare the efficiency and dasages of calcium anthranilate and NTA or EDTA are presently being carried out.

Use of Biomonitoring to Control Toxics in the United States

1988 ◽  
Vol 20 (10) ◽  
pp. 101-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nelson A. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Chronic Toxicity ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
The United States ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Toxic Pollutants ◽  
Receiving Waters ◽  
Biological Field

A biomonitoring program has been developed in support of the National Policy for the Development of Water Quality-Based Permit Limitations for Toxic Pollutants. The program focuses on the use of laboratory toxicity tests on aquatic plants and animals to predict ecosystem impact caused by toxic pollutants. Both acute and chronic toxicity tests were developed to test effluents and ambient waters. Laboratory and biological field studies were conducted at nine sites. Single species laboratory toxicity tests were found to be good predictors of impacts on the ecosystem when two or more species were used. Biomonitoring can be undertaken either on effluents and/or on the receiving waters. In that toxicity related to seeps, leachates and storm sewers has often been found upstream from dischargers, it is beneficial to conduct both effluent and ambient biomonitoring.

scholarly journals The Synthesis and Toxicological Characterization of Neurotoxic Chemical Agents Simulants

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (11) ◽  
pp. 3881-3888
Author(s):  
Mihai Silviu Tudosie ◽  
Cristina Anca Secara ◽  
Catalin Gabriel Smarandache ◽  
Simona Bicheru ◽  
Mihaela Muresan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Laboratory Research ◽  
Toxic Compounds ◽  
Counter Measures ◽  
Toxicological Effects ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Chemical Agents ◽  
Toxic Agents ◽  
International Regulations

Neurotoxic warfare chemical agents (CWA/NA) induce major toxicological effects to the affected personnel. Their increased toxicity justifies the necessity of developing analytical methods for diagnosis and specific medical counter measures. CWA/NA are extremely toxic agents which are subject to international regulations (The Geneva Protocol regarding the prohibition of chemical weapons). Taking into account the ban on human experimenting due to high toxicity, simulators of neurotoxic chemical agents are being used in laboratories. These are analogue chemical compounds which possess the same relevant physical, chemical and pharmacodynamical properties of the corresponding agents, but with lower intrinsical toxicity. The synthesis and toxicological characterization of these simulators of neurotoxic chemical agents allow the laboratory research of these extremely toxic compounds and the unfolding of risk-free antidote studies. This paper proposes the synthesis and toxicological testing of chemical compounds which simulate sarin (4-nitrophenyl isopropyl methylphosphonate - NIMP) and VX (4-nitrophenyl ethyl methylphosphonate - NEMP).

In vitro Growth of Genovese Basil in Response to Different Concentrations of Salts and Interaction of Sucrose and Activated Carbon

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 142 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Trettel ◽  
A. B. Nascimento ◽  
L. N. Barbosa ◽  
H. M. Magalhães
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Callus Formation ◽  
Sucrose Concentration ◽  
Ionic Balance ◽  
In Vitro Growth ◽  
Economic Potential ◽  
Toxic Compounds ◽  
Copper And Zinc ◽  
High Concentrations

Genovese basil has great economic potential; however, there is no established micropropagation protocol for this species. Therefore, this study aimed at assessing the in vitro growth of Genovese basil in response to different concentrations of salts in the Murashige and Skoog medium (MS) and interaction of sucrose and activated carbon. Two assays were conducted independently in an in vitro environment using the MS medium, regulators, agar, and five salt concentrations (0, 25, 50, 70 and 100%). In the second assay, two concentrations of sucrose (30 and 60 g L-1) and three concentrations of activated carbon (0, 3.0, and 4.5 g L-1) were tested.In addition, copper and zinc were quantified in the roots. The results showed that shoots were favored when the medium was at its full strength (100% salts), with seedlings forming more leaves.This result may be associated with a higher demand for nitrogen and because of the ionic balance between NH4+ and NO3-. High concentrations of salts affected the roots, but a reduction to 70% salt favored root development. Doubling the usual dose of sucrose (60 g L-1) damaged the growth of the seedlings. Damage caused by osmotic and oxidative potentials, and by toxic compounds may be related to the observed results. The amount of copper and zinc in the root increased with increased concentrations of activated carbon in the medium. The presence of activated carbon reduced callus formation but did not mitigate the effects of increased sucrose concentration.

scholarly journals Organophosphorous pesticide removal from water by graphene-based materials - only adsorption or something else as well?

2021 ◽  
pp. 12-12
Author(s):  
Vladan Anicijevic ◽  
Marko Jelic ◽  
Aleksandar Jovanovic ◽  
Nebojsa Potkonjak ◽  
Igor Pasti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Point Defects ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Density Functional ◽  
Carbon Materials ◽  
Physical Factors ◽  
Toxic Compounds ◽  
Pesticide Removal ◽  
Chemical Agents ◽  
Organophosphorous Pesticide ◽  
Epoxy Groups

The extensive use of pesticides requires innovative approaches to remediate these compounds from the environment. Carbon materials are traditionally used as adsorbents for removing pesticides, and the development of new families of carbon materials allows more advanced approaches in environmental applications. Using Density Functional Calculations, we have predicted chemical reaction between the S(O)=P moieties of organophosphates with point defects in graphene - single vacancies, Stone-Wales defects and epoxy-groups. The reaction was confirmed using Ultra High Performance Chromatography for two graphene oxide samples and dimethoate as a representative of organophosphates. The exact reaction mechanism is still elusive, but it is unambiguously confirmed that no selective oxidation of dimethoate to more toxic oxo-analog occurs. Presented results can help develop novel systems for irreversible conversion of organophosphates to non-toxic compounds without using aggressive chemical agents or external physical factors like UV radiation.

scholarly journals Can Early Life-Stages of the Marine FishSparus auratabe Useful for the Evaluation of the Toxicity of Linear Alkylbenzene Sulphonates Homologues (LAS C10-C14) and Commercial LAS?

2002 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 1689-1698 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Hampel ◽  
I. Moreno-Garrido ◽  
J. Blasco
Keyword(s):  
Early Life ◽  
Sparus Aurata ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Early Life Stage ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Linear Alkylbenzene ◽  
Cleaning Agents ◽  
Pollutant Concentrations ◽  
Toxicant Concentration ◽  
Receiving Waters

Most commercial household cleaning agents and personal care products contain the anionic surfactant linear alkylbenzene sulphonates (LAS) as the active compound. After their use they are discharged, theoretically after adequate wastewater treatment, into receiving waters finally reaching estuaries and coastal waters. Laboratory toxicity tests are useful tools in determining at which concentration a certain wastewater compound becomes hazardous for an existing group of organisms. Early life-stage toxicity tests include exposure during the most sensitive development period of the organism. In fish, this type of assay has shown to predict accurately maximum acceptable toxicant concentration (MATC) values (comprised in the range defined by the NOEC and LOEC) in fish early life-stage tests. For this reason, larvae of the seabream, Sparus aurata, were exposed to increasing concentrations of LAS homologues (C10-C14) and commercial LAS. Obtained LC50values ranged between 0.1 and 3.0 mg l-1and were compared with LC50values of previous hatching experiments with the same species. Larvae proved to be more sensitive to LAS exposure of individual homologues than eggs, except in the case of commercial LAS. LC50values can be directly employed to determine their potential risk in a concrete environment with known pollutant concentrations. Dividing the LC50value with the found homologue concentration and extrapolating with certain security factors proposed by different environmental organisms, potentially hazardous pollutant concentrations may be detected. Average estuarine or coastal LAS concentrations are generally below toxicity limits for this kind of organism, considering that the average alkyl chain length of commercial LAS is 11.6 carbon atoms.

Can laboratory toxicity tests explain the pattern of field communities of algae, plants, and invertebrates along a toxicity gradient of post-mining sites?

2011 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 114-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Frouz ◽  
Kristýna Hrčková ◽  
Jan Lána ◽  
Václav Krištůfek ◽  
Ondřej Mudrák ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Mining Sites

scholarly journals The Synthesis and Toxicological Characterization of Neurotoxic Chemical Agents Simulants

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (11) ◽  
pp. 3881-3888
Author(s):  
Mihai Silviu Tudosie ◽  
Cristina Anca Secara ◽  
Catalin Gabriel Smarandache ◽  
Simona Bicheru ◽  
Mihaela Muresan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Laboratory Research ◽  
Toxic Compounds ◽  
Counter Measures ◽  
Toxicological Effects ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Chemical Agents ◽  
Toxic Agents ◽  
International Regulations

Neurotoxic warfare chemical agents (CWA/NA) induce major toxicological effects to the affected personnel. Their increased toxicity justifies the necessity of developing analytical methods for diagnosis and specific medical counter measures. CWA/NA are extremely toxic agents which are subject to international regulations (The Geneva Protocol regarding the prohibition of chemical weapons). Taking into account the ban on human experimenting due to high toxicity, simulators of neurotoxic chemical agents are being used in laboratories. These are analogue chemical compounds which possess the same relevant physical, chemical and pharmacodynamical properties of the corresponding agents, but with lower intrinsical toxicity. The synthesis and toxicological characterization of these simulators of neurotoxic chemical agents allow the laboratory research of these extremely toxic compounds and the unfolding of risk-free antidote studies. This paper proposes the synthesis and toxicological testing of chemical compounds which simulate sarin (4-nitrophenyl isopropyl methylphosphonate - NIMP) and VX (4-nitrophenyl ethyl methylphosphonate - NEMP).

Copper and Zinc Removal from Contaminated Water Using Coffee Waste

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lovell Agwaramgbo ◽  
Renata Cardoso ◽  
Taynara Matos
Keyword(s):  
Contaminated Water ◽  
Coffee Waste ◽  
Zinc Removal ◽  
Copper And Zinc
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document