The Synthesis and Toxicological Characterization of Neurotoxic Chemical Agents Simulants

Neurotoxic warfare chemical agents (CWA/NA) induce major toxicological effects to the affected personnel. Their increased toxicity justifies the necessity of developing analytical methods for diagnosis and specific medical counter measures. CWA/NA are extremely toxic agents which are subject to international regulations (The Geneva Protocol regarding the prohibition of chemical weapons). Taking into account the ban on human experimenting due to high toxicity, simulators of neurotoxic chemical agents are being used in laboratories. These are analogue chemical compounds which possess the same relevant physical, chemical and pharmacodynamical properties of the corresponding agents, but with lower intrinsical toxicity. The synthesis and toxicological characterization of these simulators of neurotoxic chemical agents allow the laboratory research of these extremely toxic compounds and the unfolding of risk-free antidote studies. This paper proposes the synthesis and toxicological testing of chemical compounds which simulate sarin (4-nitrophenyl isopropyl methylphosphonate - NIMP) and VX (4-nitrophenyl ethyl methylphosphonate - NEMP).

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Fermented beverages based on Hylocereus lemairei (Hook.) fruits: Chemical characterization and antioxidant capacity evaluation

Research Society and Development ◽

10.33448/rsd-v10i6.15490 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. e12010615490

Author(s):

Anne Caroline de Albuquerque Sales ◽

Lizeth Mercedes Garcia Jaimes ◽

Marcos Batista Machado ◽

Edgar Aparecido Sanches ◽

Pedro Henrique Campelo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Capacity ◽

Phenolic Content ◽

Chemical Characterization ◽

Chemical Compounds ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Fermented Beverages ◽

Physical Chemical ◽

Capacity Evaluation ◽

Dragon Fruit

Hylocereus lemairei (Hook.) is a plant popularly known as pitaya-purple, whose fruits are known as dragon fruit. This paper aimed to carry out the physical-chemical and chemical characterization of fermented beverages based on H. lemairei fruits. Fermented beverages were elaborated using two different commercial yeasts of Saccharomyces cerevisiae [Biolievito Bayanus (BB) and Arom Cuvée (AC)] and were characterized by NMR. In addition, the antioxidant capacity (DPPH and ABTS) and Total Phenolic Content (TPC) based on the Folin Ciocalteu method were determined. According to the legislation, the fermented beverages from BB and AC showed alcoholic levels of 12.9 and 12.5% (v/v) and pH of 3.9 and 3.8, respectively. The chemical compounds of both beverages were similar, whose major organic compounds are glycerol, myo-inositol, tyrosol, and citric and succinic acids. According to the DPPH and TPC evaluation, BB beverage (248.3 µM TE and 117.6 mg GAE L-1) presented higher antioxidant capacity when compared to the BC beverage (219.8 µM TE and 108.4 mg GAE L-1). In the ABTS assay, both beverages were not statistically different (p < 0.05). Tyrosol may be responsible for increasing the antioxidant capacity and phenolic compounds content when compared to the control juice used to prepare fermented beverages.

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Physical, chemical, and toxicological characterization of fibrillated forms of cellulose using an in vitro gastrointestinal digestion and co-culture model

Toxicology Research ◽

10.1093/toxres/tfaa026 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 290-301 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sahar H Pradhan ◽

Marina R Mulenos ◽

London R Steele ◽

Matthew Gibb ◽

James D Ede ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Food Safety ◽

Chemical Characterization ◽

Toxicological Effects ◽

Simulated Digestion ◽

Physical Chemical ◽

Culture Model ◽

The Usa ◽

Physical And Chemical

Abstract Fibrillated cellulose is a next-generation material in development for a variety of applications, including use in food and food-contact materials. An alternative testing strategy including simulated digestion was developed to compare the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of seven different types of fibrillated cellulose, following European Food Safety Authority guidance. Fibrillated forms were compared to a conventional form of cellulose which has been used in food for over 85 years and has Generally Recognized as safe regulatory status in the USA. The physical and chemical characterization of fibrillated celluloses demonstrate that these materials are similar physically and chemically, which composed of the same fundamental molecular structure and exhibit similar morphology, size, size distribution, surface charge, and low levels of impurities. Simulated gastrointestinal and lysosomal digestions demonstrate that these physical and chemical similarities remain following exposure to conditions that mimic the gastrointestinal tract or intracellular lysosomes. A toxicological investigation with an advanced intestinal co-culture model found that exposure to each of the fibrillated and conventional forms of cellulose, in either the pristine or digested form at 0.4% by weight, showed no adverse toxicological effects including cytotoxicity, barrier integrity, oxidative stress, or inflammation. The results demonstrate the physical, chemical, and biological similarities of these materials and provide substantive evidence to support their grouping and ability to read-across data as part of a food safety demonstration.

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Characterization of Healthy and Tumor Oral Cell Lines of Human Origin. The preliminary stage in the assessment of relevant chemical compounds with impact on dentistry

Revista de Chimie ◽

10.37358/rc.18.10.6647 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 69 (10) ◽

pp. 2889-2894

Author(s):

Ion Virgil Corlan ◽

Adelina Cheveresan ◽

Delia Berceanu Vaduva ◽

Cristian Nica ◽

Alin Faur ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽

Cell Carcinoma ◽

Cell Lines ◽

Squamous Cell ◽

Chemical Compounds ◽

Tongue Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽

Gingival Fibroblasts ◽

Human Origin ◽

Preliminary Stage

The present study was aimed to evaluate the confluence percentage of three oral cell lines, namely primary gingival keratinocytes (PGK), primary gingival fibroblasts (HGF) and tongue squamous cell carcinoma (SCC-4). All cells have been monitored at different passages for 21 days. Evaluation of confluence percentage reveals the fact that primary gingival keratinocytes and tongue squamous cell carcinoma at small passages requires a period of about two weeks to reach a confluence of approximately 80% while for the gingival fibroblasts a period of about three times smaller is satisfactory.

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Problems in Detoxifying Fresh Waters Polluted by Base Metal Minewaters

Water Quality Research Journal ◽

10.2166/wqrj.1971.005 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 53-79

Author(s):

Vaclav Kresta ◽

Gerald B. Ward

Keyword(s):

Chelating Agents ◽

Toxicity Tests ◽

Contaminated Water ◽

Total Dosage ◽

Toxic Compounds ◽

Mining Sites ◽

Know How ◽

Chemical Agents ◽

Copper And Zinc ◽

Receiving Waters

Abstract At many mining sites process (milling) and drainage waters escape treatment and cause receiving waters to become contaminated above avoidance or even toxic levels for fish. The present know-how on chemical agents which can be used to complex with copper and zinc to form non-toxic compounds is limited to chelating agents such as NTA or EDTA. Preferential reaction with trivalent ions such as iron means that such ions must be tied up before complexation of copper and zinc can occur. As the amount of iron in contaminated water is usually two to eight times higher than that of copper and zinc, high dosages of chelating agents are usually required. In this project, the use of salts of anthranilic acid, especially calcium anthranilate, was investigated. The consumption of anthranilateions was found to be about the same as that of NTA or EDTA, i.e. four milligrams per milligram of copper or zinc. The total dosage to be applied to contaminated waters would be, however, several times lower as iron is not involved in the reactions and copper and zinc are complexed in that order. Toxicity tests to compare the efficiency and dasages of calcium anthranilate and NTA or EDTA are presently being carried out.

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Editorial for Special Issue “Historical Mineral Pigments”

Minerals ◽

10.3390/min11030237 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 237

Author(s):

Carolina Cardell ◽

Jose Santiago Pozo-Antonio

Keyword(s):

Chemical Characterization ◽

Glass Enamel ◽

Special Issue ◽

High Quality ◽

Physical Chemical ◽

Scientific Disciplines ◽

Natural And Synthetic

The physical–chemical characterization of natural and synthetic historical inorganic and mineral pigments, which may be found embedded in paintings (real or mock-ups), glass, enamel, ceramics, beads, tesserae, etc., as well as their alteration under different decay scenarios, is a demanding line of investigation. This field of research is now both well established and dynamic, as revealed by the numerous publications in high-quality journals of varied scientific disciplines. [...]

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Purification and Physical–Chemical Characterization of Bromocresol Purple for Carbon System Measurements in Freshwaters, Estuaries, and Oceans

ACS Omega ◽

10.1021/acsomega.1c01579 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ellie Hudson-Heck ◽

Xuewu Liu ◽

Robert H. Byrne

Keyword(s):

Chemical Characterization ◽

Bromocresol Purple ◽

Physical Chemical ◽

Carbon System

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Characterization of calcium oxide in root perforation sealer materials

Brazilian Dental Journal ◽

10.1590/s0103-64402012000500012 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 23 (5) ◽

pp. 539-546 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Carlos Estrela ◽

Manoel Damião Sousa-Neto ◽

Orlando Aguirre Guedes ◽

Ana Helena Gonçalves Alencar ◽

Marco Antonio Hungaro Duarte ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Calcium Oxide ◽

Mineral Trioxide Aggregate ◽

Chemical Compounds ◽

Internal Diameter ◽

X Ray ◽

Final Sample ◽

Materials Used ◽

Main Components ◽

White Mineral

Root perforation represents an undesirable complication that may lead to an unfavorable prognosis. The aims of this study were to characterize and to compare the presence of calcium oxide (CaO) on the chemical composition of materials used for root perforation therapy: gray and white mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and Portland cement (PC), gray MTA+5%CaO and gray MTA+10%CaO. The last two materials were analyzed to evaluate the increase of CaO in the final sample. CaO alone was used as a standard. Eighteen polyethylene tubes with an internal diameter of 3 mm and 3 mm in length were prepared, filled and then transferred to a chamber with 95% relative humidity and a temperature of 37ºC. The chemical compounds (particularly CaO) and the main components were analyzed by energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDX). EDX revealed the following concentrations of CaO: gray MTA: 59.28%, white MTA: 63.09%; PC: 72.51%; gray MTA+5%CaO: 63.48% and gray MTA+10%CaO: 67.55%. The tested materials presented different concentrations of CaO. Even with an increase of 5 and 10% CaO in gray MTA, the CaO levels found in the MTA samples were lower than those found in PC.

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