Water reuse in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia – status, prospects and research needs

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 926-936 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jörg E. Drewes ◽  
C. Patricio Roa Garduño ◽  
Gary L. Amy
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Artificial Recharge ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Research Needs ◽  
Kingdom Of Saudi Arabia ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Desalination Plants

Saudi Arabia is one of the driest countries in the world. While desalination plants currently installed in the country represent 30% of the world's desalination capacity, seawater desalination alone will not be able to provide sufficient supplies to meet the increasing freshwater demand. However, with only 9% of the total municipal wastewater generated currently being reused, the kingdom is projected as the third largest reuse market after China and the USA, and reuse capacities are projected to increase by 800% by 2016. This projected growth and the change in water portfolios offer tremendous opportunities to integrate novel approaches of water reclamation and reuse. This paper highlights the current status of reuse in the kingdom, discusses prospects of using distributed infrastructure for reuse tailored to local needs as well as the use of artificial recharge and recovery systems for reclaimed water. It also suggests research needs to helping overcoming barriers for wastewater reuse.

Artificial Recharge of Groundwater with Reclaimed Municipal Wastewater: Current Status and Proposed Criteria

1992 ◽  
Vol 25 (12) ◽  
pp. 87-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Asano
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Groundwater Recharge ◽  
Organic Contaminants ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Artificial Recharge ◽  
Microbial Pathogens ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation ◽  
Trace Organic Contaminants

Current status and the proposed criteria for artificial recharge of groundwater with reclaimed municipal wastewater are discussed with special reference to controlling microbial pathogens and trace organic contaminants. The draft criteria have been developed by the State of California Interagency Water Reclamation Coordinating Committee, followed by the Groundwater Recharge Committee of the Department of Health Services (DHS). The proposed criteria are in the final review process and are expected to be adopted in late 1992 by the DHS as a part of the revised, state-wide Wastewater Reclamation Criteria. The discussions and the draft criteria presented in this paper facilitate the approval of groundwater recharge projects by identifying the nature and characteristics of groundwater recharge projects that do not jeopardize the public water supply systems including use of groundwater for potable water supply. These criteria are intended to provide uniform state-wide application of regulations on which to regulate and design groundwater recharge projects using reclaimed municipal wastewater as a source of recharge water.

scholarly journals Membrane-Based Processes Used in Municipal Wastewater Treatment for Water Reuse: State-Of-The-Art and Performance Analysis

Membranes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiaqi Yang ◽  
Mathias Monnot ◽  
Lionel Ercolei ◽  
Philippe Moulin
Keyword(s):  
Water Reuse ◽  
Public Perception ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Municipal Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Removal Capacity ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Alternative Water

Wastewater reuse as a sustainable, reliable and energy recovery concept is a promising approach to alleviate worldwide water scarcity. However, the water reuse market needs to be developed with long-term efforts because only less than 4% of the total wastewater worldwide has been treated for water reuse at present. In addition, the reclaimed water should fulfill the criteria of health safety, appearance, environmental acceptance and economic feasibility based on their local water reuse guidelines. Moreover, municipal wastewater as an alternative water resource for non-potable or potable reuse, has been widely treated by various membrane-based treatment processes for reuse applications. By collecting lab-scale and pilot-scale reuse cases as much as possible, this review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the membrane-based treatment processes, mainly focused on the hydraulic filtration performance, contaminants removal capacity, reuse purpose, fouling resistance potential, resource recovery and energy consumption. The advances and limitations of different membrane-based processes alone or coupled with other possible processes such as disinfection processes and advanced oxidation processes, are also highlighted. Challenges still facing membrane-based technologies for water reuse applications, including institutional barriers, financial allocation and public perception, are stated as areas in need of further research and development.

Water Recycling Systems

1982 ◽  
Vol 14 (9-11) ◽  
pp. 1393-1429 ◽  
Author(s):  
R D Heaton
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Water Recycling ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation ◽  
Unit Process ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Recycling Systems ◽  
Water District

Water recycling systems implies the initial treatment requirements for various water reuse schemes including unit process descriptions, performance and cost data. Several volumes of text are required for adequate coverage of the above subject and this paper will only attempt to highlight important areas, provide guidelines and give needed direction. Cost functions of one important U.S. Research/ Demonstration Facility (Water Factory 21) are given in more detail. Much of the data has been summarized from four important publications shown below and the reader seeking additional information is encouraged to examine these in detail.1.Water Reuse and Recycling - Volume 2 - Evaluation of Treactment Technology, 1979, U.S. Office of Water Research & Technology (OWRT). Report by Culp/Wesner/Culp Engineers, NTIS #PB 80-131469.2.Guidelines for Water Reuse, August 1980, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Report by Camp Dresser & McKee Engineers, NTIS #PB 81-105017.3.Evaluation of, Membrane. Processes and Their Role in Wastewater Reclamation, 1981. OWRT sponsored report by Orange County Water District, Fountain Valley, California, USA.4.Municipal Wastewater Reuse News. OWRT sponsored monthly newsletter by AWWA Research Foundation, Denver, Colorado, USA.

Water Stewardship in the Desert: Water Conservation Projects in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

2007 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Puffer ◽  
Loay Bin Ahmed Al-Musallam
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Kingdom Of Saudi Arabia ◽  
Conservation Program ◽  
Conservation Projects ◽  
Desalination Plants ◽  
Cultural Structures

The purpose of this paper is to describe the results of a dynamic water conservation program currently being implemented in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Responding to a growing water crises and the need to defer the development of future desalination plants, the Ministry of Water & Electricity (MOWE) initially retrofitted 3.2 million households over an 18 month period with aerators and toilet displacement devices. This experience enabled MOWE to expand the programs to high-efficiency showerheads and other conservation devices. MOWE faced significant and unique challenges in implementing the programs due to program needs and cultural structures. Customer follow-up surveys were conducted in the twelve cities and eight provinces targeted by the program. This is an ongoing program where the savings, the issues and customers will be continually surveyed and documented.

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