scholarly journals National survey of utilization of continuous water quality monitors in water supply systems in Japan

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 1347-1353 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Kosaka ◽  
Y. Koike ◽  
Y. Miyabayashi ◽  
K. Saito ◽  
M. Asami ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Purification ◽  
Water Quality Management ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Sand Filtration ◽  
Water Safety ◽  
Critical Control Points ◽  
Water Safety Plans ◽  
Rapid Sand Filtration

Abstract An investigation of the utilization of water quality monitors at water purification plants throughout Japan was conducted via questionnaire from August to October 2015. The number of types of monitors installed at more than one water purification plant was 34. Chlorine, high sensitivity turbidity, pH, and turbidity monitors were (highly) recommended for installation in four water purification processes (rapid sand filtration, chlorination only, slow sand filtration and membrane treatment), except for high sensitivity turbidity of chlorination only. The number of installations of the monitors recommended and their installation points were dependent upon the processes. Highly recommended points of turbidity were raw water and sedimentation points, which were set for (critical) control points in water safety plans. That of high sensitivity turbidity was the rapid sand filtration point for confirmation of Cryptosporidium control. Chlorine monitors were applied for automatic control, regardless of the water purification processes. Some interesting monitors, such as those for musty odor compounds and trihalomethane, were newly developed and utilized. The results of this study showed that water quality monitors were important for water quality management systems based on water safety plans in Japan.

scholarly journals Determination of the Sensor Placement for Detection Water Quality Problems in Water Supply Systems

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 299-306
Author(s):  
Chan Wook Lee ◽  
Yong Jun Lee ◽  
Ji Seung Park ◽  
Do Guen Yoo
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Flow Direction ◽  
Water Quality Management ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Measuring Instruments ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Low Sensitivity ◽  
Supply Systems ◽  
The City

The importance of water quality management in pipes has been recently highlighted through the "Red-water phenomenon" in the city of Incheon. This study proposed a methodology for determining the location of measuring instruments during abnormal water quality issues. The proposed method focuses on analyzing the sensitivity of the flow path through a pipe. Additionally, this flow sensitivity through the tube is analyzed by considering both normal and abnormal conditions. The sensitivity of a pipe is the rate at which the water-flow direction changes. Further, a tube with low sensitivity under normal conditions but high sensitivity under abnormal conditions is the pipe for which the instrument should be first installed. The results were analyzed by applying the proposed methodology to a conventional virtual network. It is expected that, in future, the proposed method for determining the location of water quality gauges could be a useful tool for determining the location of instruments during emergencies.

scholarly journals Superior performance of human wastewater-associated viral markers compared to bacterial markers in tropical environments

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Watsawan Sangkaew ◽  
Akechai Kongprajug ◽  
Natcha Chyerochana ◽  
Warish Ahmed ◽  
Skorn Mongkolsuk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Quality Management ◽  
Water Quality Management ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Source Tracking ◽  
Marker Genes ◽  
Aquatic Environments ◽  
Detection Rates ◽  
Central Thailand

AbstractIdentifying human sewage contamination via microbial source tracking (MST) marker genes has proven useful for effective water quality management worldwide; however, performance evaluations for these genes in tropical areas are limited. Therefore, this research assessed four human-associated MST marker genes in aquatic environments of Central Thailand: human polyomaviruses (JC and BK viruses [HPyVs]), bacteriophage crAssphage (CPQ_056), Lachnospiraceae Lachno3, and Bacteroides BacV6-21. HPyV and crAssphage assays were highly sensitive and specific to sewage (n = 19), with no cross-detection in 120 swine, cattle, chicken, duck, goat, sheep, and buffalo composite fecal samples. Lachno3 and BacV6-21 demonstrated high sensitivity but moderate specificity; however, using both markers could improve specificity to >0.80 (max value of 1.00). The most abundant markers in sewage were Lachno3 and BacV6-21 (5.42-8.02 and non-detected-8.05 log10 copies/100 mL), crAssphage (5.28-7.38 log10 copies/100 mL), and HPyVs (3.66-6.53 log10 copies/100 mL), respectively. HPyVs showed higher levels (up to 4.33 log10 copies/100 mL) and higher detection rates (92.7%) in two coastal beaches (n = 41) than crAssphage (up to 3.51 log10 copies/100 mL and 56.1%). HPyVs were also found at slightly lower levels (up to 5.10 log10 copies/100 mL), but at higher detection rates (92.6%), in a freshwater canal (n = 27) than crAssphage (up to 5.21 log10 copies/100 mL and 88.9%). Overall, both HPyVs and crAssphage are suggested as human sewage-associated MST markers in aquatic environments of Central Thailand. This study underlines the importance of characterizing and validating MST markers in host groups and environmental waters before including them in a water quality management toolbox.

Water safety plans for small systems: a model for applying HACCP concepts for cost-effective monitoring in developing countries

2003 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 215-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Howard
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Performance Limits ◽  
Water Safety ◽  
Small Systems ◽  
Water Safety Plans ◽  
Contamination Events

The development of water safety plans (WSPs) for small systems should be based on a thorough understanding of the relationships between risk factors and contamination events. This can be achieved through the use of well-designed assessments of water quality that provide better evidence to support the identification of control measures, performance limits, monitoring parameters and verification procedures. Training of community operators is critical to the success of the WSP and the understanding gained from the assessments provides a sound basis for addressing these needs. The WSP approach provides for more effective control of water quality and the use of targeted assessments is cost-effective in improving the design of WSPs.

scholarly journals Water quality, compliance, and health outcomes among utilities implementing Water Safety Plans in France and Spain

2017 ◽  
Vol 220 (3) ◽  
pp. 513-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen E. Setty ◽  
Georgia L. Kayser ◽  
Michael Bowling ◽  
Jerome Enault ◽  
Jean-Francois Loret ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Water Safety ◽  
Water Safety Plans

scholarly journals Water quality management for domestic rainwater harvesting systems in Fiji

2014 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 134-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Kohlitz ◽  
M. D. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Quality Management ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Water Quality Management ◽  
Water Safety ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Limited Government ◽  
Qualitative Research Design ◽  
Harvesting Systems

Health risks from drinking rainwater are relatively small in the developing world context, but action is needed to ensure water safety. Water safety plans (WSPs) use an approach to manage water quality that has shown signs of success with public and communal water supplies, but relatively little research has been done to investigate the application of WSPs to self-supply systems. The aim of this paper is to investigate the primary issues surrounding appropriate water quality management of domestic rainwater harvesting (DRWH) systems in Fiji and consider how the principles of WSPs can be applied in this context. A qualitative research design was followed, utilising semi-structured interviews with 34 rural households and six key informants, sanitary inspections of DRWH systems and thematic data analysis. A number of challenges, including limited government resources and the limited knowledge and casual attitudes of rural rainwater consumers, constrain the practicality of adopting conventional WSPs at the household level, but steps for improvement can be taken.

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