North American and European Experience with Biological Toilets

A history of North American and European experience with biological toilets is provided. The early use of these devices in Scandanavia was to solve a specific problem, that of providing a low-cost solution for disposing of human wastes from recreational cabins. Because of their environmental attractiveness their popularity increased rapidly and their marketing area was widened to include year-round use. These same factors resulted in closer scrutiny by both Scandanavian and American agencies in the form of controlled and field testing programs. The results of these tests have been improved designs and understanding of the viable applications of these devices, which are significantly more limited than first implied.

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North American Association for the Study of Religion (NAASR)

Bulletin for the Study of Religion ◽

10.1558/bsor.v44i2.27304 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 44 (2) ◽

pp. 29-30

Author(s):

Matt Sheedy

Keyword(s):

North American ◽

American Association ◽

The North ◽

History Of

I interviewed Russell McCutcheon back in March 2015, about his new role as president of the North American Association for the Study of Religion (NAASR), asking him about the history of the organization, goals for his tenure, and developments for NAASR’s upcoming conference in Atlanta in November 2015.

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Traditional Urine-diversion Practices in Sub-urban Hanoi, Vietnam: Replaced or Promoted?

Water Practice & Technology ◽

10.2166/wpt.2010.058 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

Author(s):

H. Harada ◽

N. T. Dong ◽

S. Matsui ◽

S. Fujii

Keyword(s):

Northern Vietnam ◽

Urine Diversion ◽

Disinfection Process ◽

History Of ◽

Interview Survey ◽

Agricultural Use ◽

Dry Soil ◽

Human Wastes ◽

Farming Households ◽

Current Practices

Northern Vietnam has a history of using urine diversion (i.e., UD) toilets with agricultural use of excreta. This study tried to identify the current practices of UD toilets in suburban Hanoi, Vietnam. An interview survey to 120 households showed that UD toilets were used by 26.7% of households, of which most were double-vault UD toilets. Human wastes were used by 73.0% of vault toilets. It was interpreted that they are still recognized as not wastes but fertilizers especially by farming households in recent sub-urban Hanoi. Double-vaults UD toilets were used in significantly old houses compared to flush toilets with p<0.001. Results indicated the gradual replacement of double-vault UD toilets by water-flush toilets. All households with vault toilets applied additives such as ashes, dry soil and sawdust into vaults, and 24.3% of them applied ashes after every defecation event. Out of 33 vault toilets, 30 retained faeces for a period longer than six months and 28 did for a period longer than 12 months. Still, the application of ashes after every defecation event can be suggested to enhance the disinfection process in vaults, resulting sanitary use of excreta for agriculture.

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Indian Boarding School Gothic in Older than America and The Only Good Indian

American Studies in Scandinavia ◽

10.22439/asca.v47i2.5347 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 47 (2) ◽

pp. 5-27

Author(s):

Elizabeth Kella

Keyword(s):

North American ◽

Boarding School ◽

Boarding Schools ◽

Spiritual Values ◽

Feature Films ◽

Native North American ◽

Indian Boarding School ◽

Visual Sovereignty ◽

History Of ◽

Indian Boarding Schools

This article examines the appropriation and redirection of the Gothic in two contemporary, Native-centered feature films that concern a history that can be said to haunt many Native North American communities today: the history of Indian boarding schools. Georgina Lightning’s Older than America (2008) and Kevin Willmott’s The Only Good Indian (2009) make use of Gothic conventions and the figures of the ghost and the vampire to visually relate the history and horrors of Indian boarding schools. Each of these Native-centered films displays a cinematic desire to decenter Eurocentric histories and to counter mainstream American genres with histories and forms of importance to Native North American peoples. Willmott’s film critiques mythologies of the West and frontier heroism, and Lightning attempts to sensitize non-Native viewers to contemporary Native North American concerns while also asserting visual sovereignty and affirming spiritual values.

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Hymnody and Liturgy

The Oxford Handbook of Presbyterianism ◽

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190608392.013.36 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 491-506

Author(s):

Jonathan Hehn

Keyword(s):

Nineteenth Century ◽

Seventeenth Century ◽

Sixteenth Century ◽

North American ◽

John Calvin ◽

Church Of Scotland ◽

Metrical Psalmody ◽

History Of ◽

The Church

This chapter outlines the history of Presbyterian worship practice from the sixteenth century to the present, with a focus on North American Presbyterians. Tracing both their hymnody and their liturgy ultimately to John Calvin, Presbyterian communions have a distinct heritage of worship inherited from the Church of Scotland via seventeenth-century Puritans. Long marked by metrical psalmody and guided by the Westminster Directory, Presbyterian worship underwent substantial changes in the nineteenth century. Evangelical and liturgical movements led Presbyterians away from a Puritan visual aesthetic, into the use of nonscriptural hymnody, and toward a recovery of liturgical books. Mainline North American and Scottish Presbyterians solidified these trends in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries; however, conservative North American denominations and some other denominations globally continue to rely heavily on the use of a worship directory and metrical psalmody.

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Economic Consequences of War

The Journal of Economic History ◽

10.1017/s0022050700083844 ◽

1943 ◽

Vol 3 (S1) ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Curtis P. Nettels

Keyword(s):

Low Cost ◽

Economic Consequences ◽

Competitive Advantages ◽

Competitive Position ◽

The Past ◽

History Of ◽

Costs Of Production ◽

Foreign Competitors

One influence of war has repeatedly asserted itself in the past—an effect on the costs of production and on the competitive position of the industries and firms of victorious or neutral nations. This subject needs more study, but certain facts suggest a hypothesis, of three parts. First: war expands some industries or concerns, increases their efficiency, enables them to operate, at the end of the struggle, on a comparatively low-cost basis, intensifies their competitive advantages, and improves their position in relation to foreign competitors. Second: war—for the duration—bolsters up some high-cost units by enabling them to sell at a profit all they can produce. The end of the war places such high-cost units at a disadvantage in the process of absorbing the shocks of the transition to a peacetime economy. Third: the history of postwar periods usually exhibits a sharp contest between such low-cost and high-cost enterprises. While “low cost” and “high cost” may refer to the relative positions of units within the same country, in most of this discussion, the terms will be applied to the producers of one country (either victor or neutral) to mean that their costs are low or high in comparison with those of their foreign competitors.

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An Economic Analysis of Indian Behavior in the North American Fur Trade

The Journal of Economic History ◽

10.1017/s0022050700075380 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 32 (1) ◽

pp. 36-53 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

John C. McManus

Keyword(s):

Economic Analysis ◽

North American ◽

Economic History ◽

Fur Trade ◽

Historical Research ◽

The North ◽

History Of ◽

The Way

This study of Indian behavior in the fur trade is offered more as a report of a study in progress than a completed piece of historical research. In fact, the research has barely begun. But in spite of its unfinished state, the tentative results of the work I have done to this point may be of some interest as an illustration of the way in which the recent revival of analytical interest in institutions may be used to develop an approach to the economic history of the fur trade.

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