Mechanism of anaerobic biological activated carbon process examined by using stable isotope

1996 ◽  
Vol 34 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 429-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toshiaki Saito ◽  
Keisuke Hanaki ◽  
Tomonori Matsuo
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Stable Isotope ◽  
Carbon Isotope ◽  
Isotope Ratio ◽  
Stable Carbon Isotope ◽  
The Other ◽  
Bulk Liquid ◽  
Stable Carbon ◽  
Biological Activated Carbon ◽  
Attached Bacteria

This research focused on the mechanism of substrate transfer in anaerobic biological activated carbon (BAC) process. There are two possible pathways of substrate supply to the attached bacteria in BAC process. One is the pathway from the bulk liquid and the other is the pathway directly from activated carbon. Stable carbon isotope was used to determine them. The isotope ratio of produced methane was between isotope ratios in bulk liquid and inside activated carbon. This means that activated carbon can supply adsorbed substances directly to the attached bacteria without releasing them into bulk liquid.

scholarly journals Method for determination of stable carbon isotope ratio of methylnitrophenols in atmospheric particulate matter

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (11) ◽  
pp. 2453-2464 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Moukhtar ◽  
M. Saccon ◽  
A. Kornilova ◽  
S. Irei ◽  
L. Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Stable Isotope ◽  
Carbon Isotope ◽  
Isotope Ratio ◽  
Stable Carbon Isotope ◽  
Atmospheric Particulate Matter ◽  
Stable Carbon ◽  
Atmospheric Particulate

Abstract. A technique for the measurement of the stable isotope ratio of methylnitrophenols in atmospheric particulate matter is presented. Atmospheric samples from rural and suburban areas were collected for evaluation of the procedure. Particulate matter was collected on quartz fibre filters using dichotomous high volume air samplers. Methylnitrophenols were extracted from the filters using acetonitrile. The sample was then purified using a combination of high-performance liquid chromatography and solid phase extraction. The final solution was then divided into two aliquots. To one aliquot, a derivatising agent, Bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide, was added for Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry analysis. The second half of the sample was stored in a refrigerator. For samples with concentrations exceeding 1 ng μl−1, the second half of the sample was used for measurement of stable carbon isotope ratios by Gas Chromatography-Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry. The procedure described in this paper provides a method for the analysis of methylnitrophenols in atmospheric particulate matter at concentrations as low as 0.3 pg m−3 and for stable isotope ratios with an accuracy of better than ±0.5‰ for concentrations exceeding 100 pg m−3. In all atmospheric particulate matter samples analysed, 2-methyl-4-nitrophenol was found to be the most abundant methylnitrophenol, with concentrations ranging from the low pg m−3 range in rural areas to more than 200 pg m−3 in some samples from a suburban location.

scholarly journals Method for determination of stable carbon isotope ratio of methylnitrophenols in atmospheric PM

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 3199-3231
Author(s):  
S. Moukhtar ◽  
M. Saccon ◽  
A. Kornilova ◽  
S. Irei ◽  
L. Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Stable Isotope ◽  
Carbon Isotope ◽  
Isotope Ratio ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Stable Carbon Isotope ◽  
Stable Isotope Ratio ◽  
Atmospheric Particulate Matter ◽  
Stable Carbon ◽  
Ms Analysis

Abstract. A technique for the measurement of the stable isotope ratio of methylnitrophenols in atmospheric particulate matter (PM) is presented. It has been found in numerous laboratory studies that these compounds are photooxidation products of toluene in PM. Atmospheric samples from rural and suburban areas were collected for evaluation of the procedure. PM was collected on quartz fibre filters using dichotomous high volume air samplers for PM 2.5. Methylnitrophenols were extracted from the filters using acetonitrile. The sample was then purified using a combination of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and solid phase extraction (SPE). The final solution was then divided into two aliquots. To one aliquot, a derivatising agent, Bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA), was added to the solution for Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectroscopy (GC/MS) analysis. The second half of the sample was stored at low temperature. When GC/MS analysis showed high enough concentrations the remaining sample was derivatized with BSTFA and analysed for stable isotope ratio using a Gas Chromatography/Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (GC-IRMS). In all atmospheric PM samples analysed, 2-methyl-4-nitrophenol was found to be the most abundant methylnitrophenol. Nevertheless, due to low pollution levels occurring in the rural area, no samples had concentrations high enough to perform stable carbon isotope composition measurements of the methylnitrophenols. Samples collected in the suburban area could be analysed for carbon stable isotope ratio using GC-IRMS. The procedure described in this paper provides a very sensitive and selective method for the analysis of methylnitrophenols in atmospheric PM at concentrations as low as 1 pg m−3. For accurate (within ±0.5‰) stable isotope ratio analysis significantly higher concentrations in the range of 100 pg m−3 or more are required.

Stable carbon isotope ratio variations of organic matter in Orca Basin sediments

1981 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark A Northam ◽  
David J Curry ◽  
Richard S Scalan ◽  
Patrick L Parker
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Carbon Isotope ◽  
Isotope Ratio ◽  
Stable Carbon Isotope ◽  
Carbon Isotope Ratio ◽  
Stable Carbon ◽  
Stable Carbon Isotope Ratio ◽  
Orca Basin

Increase in soil stable carbon isotope ratio relates to loss of organic carbon: results from five long-term bare fallow experiments

Oecologia ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 177 (3) ◽  
pp. 811-821 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorenzo Menichetti ◽  
Sabine Houot ◽  
Folkert van Oort ◽  
Thomas Kätterer ◽  
Bent T. Christensen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Carbon Isotope ◽  
Isotope Ratio ◽  
Stable Carbon Isotope ◽  
Carbon Isotope Ratio ◽  
Stable Carbon ◽  
Stable Carbon Isotope Ratio ◽  
Bare Fallow

scholarly journals A metaproteomics method to determine carbon sources and assimilation pathways of species in microbial communities

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Kleiner ◽  
Xiaoli Dong ◽  
Tjorven Hinzke ◽  
Juliane Wippler ◽  
Erin Thorson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Community ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Carbon Isotope ◽  
Isotope Ratio ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Stable Carbon Isotope ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Stable Carbon

AbstractMeasurements of the carbon stable isotope ratio (δ13C) are widely used in biology to address major questions regarding food sources and metabolic pathways used by organisms. Measurement of these so called stable carbon isotope fingerprints (SIFs) for microbes involved in biogeochemical cycling and microbiota of plants and animals have led to major discoveries in environmental microbiology. Currently, obtaining SIFs for microbial communities is challenging as the available methods either only provide limited taxonomic resolution, such as with the use of lipid biomarkers, or are limited in throughput, such as NanoSIMS imaging of single cells.Here we present “direct Protein-SIF” and the Calis-p software package (https://sourceforge.net/projects/calis-p/), which enable high-throughput measurements of accurate δ13C values for individual species within a microbial community. We benchmark the method using 20 pure culture microorganisms and show that the method reproducibly provides SIF values consistent with gold standard bulk measurements performed with an isotope ratio mass spectrometer. Using mock community samples, we show that SIF values can also be obtained for individual species within a microbial community. Finally, a case study of an obligate bacteria-animal symbiosis showed that direct Protein-SIF confirms previous physiological hypotheses and can provide unexpected new insights into the symbionts’ metabolism. This confirms the usefulness of this new approach to accurately determine δ13C values for different species in microbial community samples.SignificanceTo understand the roles that microorganisms play in diverse environments such as the open ocean and the human intestinal tract, we need an understanding of their metabolism and physiology. A variety of methods such as metagenomics and metaproteomics exist to assess the metabolism of environmental microorganisms based on gene content and gene expression. These methods often only provide indirect evidence for which substrates are used by a microorganism in a community. The direct Protein-SIF method that we developed allows linking microbial species in communities to the environmental carbon sources they consume by determining their stable carbon isotope signature. Direct Protein-SIF also allows assessing which carbon fixation pathway is used by autotrophic microorganisms that directly assimilate CO2.

Detection of Beet Sugar Adulteration of Honey

1986 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 652-654
Author(s):  
Jonathan W White ◽  
Robert W Meloy ◽  
Jerry L Probst ◽  
William F Huser
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Isotope ◽  
Isotope Ratio ◽  
Stable Carbon Isotope ◽  
Carbon Isotope Ratio ◽  
Galactose Oxidase ◽  
Stable Carbon ◽  
Stable Carbon Isotope Ratio ◽  
Beet Sugar ◽  
Additional Testing ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Quantitation of oligosaccharide-bound galactose by galactose oxidase treatment of the higher sugar fraction is useful to screen honeys with normal stable carbon isotope ratio values for the presence of beet sugar products. For 23 beet sugar products tested, the mean bound galactose value was 30.1 mg/100 g (as galactose); for 81 honeys, the mean was 3.1 mg/100 g, s = 4.4. Nine percent of the honey samples tested had values in the beet sugar range, so additional testing by other procedures is required for confirmation of adulteration, i.e., samples with 8-80 mg/100 g bound galactose should be further tested.

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