Assessment of the exposure of swimmers to microbiological contaminants in fresh waters

1997 ◽  
Vol 35 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 157-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. Medema ◽  
I. A. van Asperen ◽  
A. H. Havelaar
Keyword(s):  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
The Other ◽  
Pollution Level ◽  
Intestinal Infection ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Faecal Pollution ◽  
Run Off ◽  
Thermotolerant Coliforms ◽  
Mean Concentration

As part of a prospective cohort study among triathletes to determine a relationship between the microbiological quality of fresh bathing water and the risk of acquiring an intestinal infection, the exposure of the triathletes to microbiological contaminants was assessed. Waters were collected at seven triathlons (swimming course 1–1.5km) held in the summer of 1993 and 1994 to have a range of water qualities. All were influenced by sewage effluents, most also by agricultural run-off. Samples were collected several weeks before the event to establish a sampling programme (1993) and during the actual exposure of the triathletes (1993 and 1994) and examined for thermotolerant coliforms alone (samples preceding the event) and for E. coli, faecal enterococci, Staphylococcus aureus, F-specific RNAphages, enteroviruses (1993 and 1994) and for thermophilic Campylobacter, Salmonella, Aeromonas, Plesiomonas shigelloides and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1993). The samples taken in the weeks before the exposure showed significant differences in thermotolerant coliform concentration between locations, depths and times. Also during swimmer exposure, significant differences occurred in microorganism levels at the different sampling points over the swimming course. As the triathletes swam as a group, they were exposed to approximately the same water at the same time. The geometric mean concentration was used to characterise each site. In the epidemiological study, the risk of an intestinal infection correlated with the concentration of thermotolerant coliforms and E. coli but not with the other parameters. The geometric mean concentration of thermotolerant coliforms at the triathlons ranged from 11–330/100mL and 54–1,200/100mL E. coli. Ranking of the seven sites by faecal pollution level, based on the geometric mean concentration of a faecal indicator, resulted in a different ranking for each indicator. At the fresh water sites studied, only the ratio between the geometric mean density of E. coli and thermotolerant coliforms was constant. The ratio between the other parameters related to faecal pollution (faecal enterococci, F-specific RNA phages, enteroviruses) varied considerably. Water quality standards relating to faecal pollution can only be based on parameters that show a significant correlation with risk of intestinal illness.

The relationship between health effects in triathletes and microbiological quality of freshwater

1995 ◽  
Vol 31 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 19-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. Medema ◽  
I. A. van Asperen ◽  
J. M. Klokman-Houweling ◽  
A. Nooitgedagt ◽  
M. J. W. van de Laar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Health Complaints ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Thermotolerant Coliforms ◽  
Microbiological Water Quality ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Faecal Streptococci

This pilot study was carried out to determine the relationship between microbiological water quality parameters and the occurrence of health complaints among triathletes. Data were collected at an Olympic distance triathlon (n=314) and a run-bike-run (n=81; controls for exposure to fresh water). At the time of the triathlon, the concentrations of Escherichia coli , thermotolerant coliforms, faecal streptococci, entero- and reoviruses, F-specific RNA phages, Salmonella, Campylobacter, Aeromonas, Plesiomonas shigelloides, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus were examined over the swimming course. Information on the occurrence of health complaints during the competition and in the week thereafter was collected through a written questionnaire. The results show that triathletes and run-bike-runners are comparable with respect to factors other than water exposure (age, sex, training history, physical stress, lower intestinal health complaints during the competition) that may influence the occurrence of health complaints in the week after the competition. Triathletes and run-bike-runners reported gastro-intestinal (7.7% vs 2.5%), respiratory (5.5% vs 3.7%), skin/mucosal (2.6% vs 1.2%), general (3.5% vs 1.2%) and total symptoms (14.8% vs 7.4%) in the week after the event. The health risks for triathletes for all symptom groups are not significantly higher than for run-bike-runners. The geometric mean concentration of faecal indicator bacteria is relatively low: E. coli 170/100 ml; faecal streptococci 13/100 ml, enteroviruses were present at concentrations of 0.1/l. The group of triathletes was homogeneusly and relatively intensely exposed to water; they all swam in the same body of water at the same time and 75% reported to have swallowed freshwater. It was concluded that this study design is suitable to study the relationship between health complaints and microbiological water quality. In the summers of 1993 and 1994, a study will be carried out concerning several run-bike-runs and triathlons in freshwaters of different quality.

scholarly journals Antibiotic Residues and Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria in Pig Slurry Used to Fertilize Agricultural Fields

Antibiotics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geertrui Rasschaert ◽  
Daan Van Elst ◽  
Lander Colson ◽  
Lieve Herman ◽  
Helena Cardoso de Carvalho Ferreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Pig Manure ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Pig Slurry ◽  
Antibiotic Residues ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Antibacterial Susceptibility ◽  
Mean Concentration

Pig manure may contain antibiotic residues, antibiotic-resistant bacteria or pathogens, which may reach the environment upon fertilization. During this study, 69 antibiotic residues belonging to 12 classes were quantified in 89 pig slurry samples. These samples were also studied for the presence of Salmonella and for E. coli resistant to meropenem, colistin, ciprofloxacin, or cefotaxim. The obtained isolates were further tested for antibacterial susceptibility. No antibiotic residues were detected in four samples, whereas in the other samples, up to 12 antibiotics were found. The most frequently detected antibiotic residues were doxycycline, sulfadiazine, and lincomycin. Doxycycline was found in the highest concentration with a mean of 1476 µg/kg manure (range: 18–13632 µg/kg). Tylosin and oxytetracycline were found with mean concentrations of 784 µg/kg (range: 17–5599 µg/kg) and 482 µg/kg (range: 11–3865 µg/kg), respectively. Lincomycin, had a mean concentration of 177 µg/kg manure (range: 9–3154 µg/kg). All other 18 antibiotic residues were found with mean concentrations of less than 100 µg/kg manure. Fifty-one slurry samples harbored Salmonella; 35% of the Salmonella isolates were sensitive to a panel of 14 antibiotics, whereas the other 65% were resistant up to five antibiotics. For E. coli, 52 manure samples contained E. coli isolates which were resistant to ciprofloxacin and 22 resistant to cefotaxime. All ciprofloxacin and cefotaxime-resistant isolates were multi-resistant, with resistance up to nine and eight antibiotics, respectively. This research indicates that pig slurry used for fertilization often contains antibiotic residues and antibiotic-resistant bacteria, including pathogens.

Discriminating faecal pollution: a case study of stormwater entering Port Phillip Bay, Australia

1998 ◽  
Vol 38 (10) ◽  
pp. 15-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Leeming ◽  
N. Bate ◽  
R. Hewlett ◽  
P. D. Nichols
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Indicators ◽  
Faecal Contamination ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Faecal Pollution ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Combined Use ◽  
Thermotolerant Coliforms ◽  
Environment Protection Authority ◽  
Faecal Sterols

This investigation was designed to provide preliminary information to the Environment Protection Authority concerning the input of faecal matter to stormwater drains in the Rippleside area of Geelong, Victoria. Results derived from the combined use of sterol biomarkers (e.g. coprostanol and 24-ethylcoprostanol) and four sub-groups of bacterial indicators (e.g. thermotolerant coliforms, E. coli, faecal streptococci and enterococci) indicated that during wet weather, all sites sampled were affected by significant human faecal contamination. Ratios of coprostanol to bacterial indicators were similar to those for samples collected from nearby sewer mains. During dry weather, there were still severely elevated levels of faecal contamination based on bacterial indicators, but correspondingly low concentrations of faecal sterols suggesting minimal human or herbivore faecal contamination. The origin of the majority of the faecal pollution in dry weather therefore remains to be fully explained. It is clear from this and related studies that the combined measurement of faecal sterols and bacterial indicators can greatly assist distinguishing sources of faecal pollution. It is also shown for aquatic environments that the measurement of coprostanol or other single indicators alone, is inadequate to fully discern faecal contamination from human sources.

Microbiological Quality of Crabmeat During Processing

1985 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. A. WENTZ ◽  
A. P. DURAN ◽  
A. SWARTZENTRUBER ◽  
A. H. SCHWAB ◽  
F. D. McCLURE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Inspection ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
The United States ◽  
Good Manufacturing Practice ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Aerobic Plate Count

Duplicate samples of crab and crabmeat (body meat and claw meat) were collected four times a day for two consecutive days at seven in-line locations (plus finished product claw and body meat) along the processing lines of 47 crabmeat plants located along the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico coasts of the United States. All the plants adhered to Good Manufacturing Practice, as determined by visual inspection. Two sanitation inspections and sample collections were conducted at 5-month intervals to reflect seasonal variation. In all, 8,477 in-line samples and 2,459 finished product units of blue crab and crabmeat and 522 in-line samples and 128 finished product units of red crab and Maine crab and crabmeat were analyzed microbiologically. Geometric mean aerobic plate count at 35°C (APC 35) values increased from 1,200 CFU/g before pick to 20,000 CFU/g in the finished product (body meat). For claw meat, APC 35 values increased from 15,000 CFU/g before pick to 24,000 CFU/g in the finished product. Aerobic plate count at 30°C (APC 30) values were consistently higher (2-fold or less) than APC 35 values. Coliform counts in both finished products were ≥19/g in approximately 60% of the units. Coliforms exceeded 500/g in 3.8 and 3.2% of the finished product units for body meat and claw meat, respectively. Geometric mean Escherichia coli counts were <3 for all sample sites and finished products, with only 3.3 and 2.7% of the units showing detectable E. coli for body meat and claw meat, respectively. Geometric mean values for Staphylococcus aureus were 16.8/g for finished body meat and 16.0/g for finished claw meat; approximately 20% of the units of both finished products had S. aureus values >100/g. S. aureus counts increased significantly after picking.

scholarly journals Microbiological water quality monitoring of four ponds from Lagoa do Sino Farm located in São Paulo State, Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. e52901
Author(s):  
Patrícia Alexandre Evangelista ◽  
Mayara Andrade Martins de Souza ◽  
Iuri Emanuel de Paula Ferreira ◽  
Natan de Jesus Pimentel-Filho
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Riparian Vegetation ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Water Quality Monitoring ◽  
Agricultural Activities ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Genotypic Characterization ◽  
Thermotolerant Coliforms ◽  
Microbiological Water Quality

This study aimed to evaluate the microbiological quality of the water of four ponds used for irrigation on the Lagoa do Sino Farm, as well as to perform the genotypic characterization of virulence factors in Escherichia coli isolates. Sampling was conducted for 11 months, between 2015 and 2016. Samples were analyzed for the presence of thermotolerant coliforms, E. coli and heterotrophs. DNA was extracted from E. coli isolates, followed by genotypic characterization by polymerase chain reaction. Agricultural activities and pesticides used in the sampling period were documented in order to assess possible relationships between agricultural activities and microbiological water quality. The absence of suitable riparian vegetation around all the ponds was observed, benefiting the entry of organic matter and contaminants in the water body. A high index of thermotolerant coliforms in some months indicated the possibility of the transmission of pathogenic microorganisms in these ponds. The values found in some months were above the regulatory limits for water potability and water intended for irrigation. The agrochemicals used in the period seem to influence the results obtained. All 17 E. coli isolates showed at least one of the virulence genes estA, stx1, stx2, and aatA, indicating enterotoxigenic, enterohaemorrhagic or enteroaggregative nature. The presence of E. coli in the waters may be associated with the presence of animals. The water samples analyzed are not suitable for irrigation of vegetables that are consumed raw and/or low lying fruits ingested without skin removal. It is essential to broaden the control of the use of chemicals, as well as the preservation of riparian vegetation to improve the quality of water used in the farm's agricultural activities.

A Baseline Survey of the Microbiological Quality of Chicken Portions and Carcasses at Retail in Two Australian States (2005 to 2006)

2008 ◽  
Vol 71 (6) ◽  
pp. 1123-1134 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. POINTON ◽  
M. SEXTON ◽  
P. DOWSETT ◽  
T. SAPUTRA ◽  
A. KIERMEIER ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
New South ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Baseline Survey ◽  
Market Place ◽  
E Coli ◽  
South Wales

Raw poultry products were purchased from the retail market place in two Australian states, New South Wales (n = 549) and South Australia (n = 310). The products sampled on a proportional volume basis were chicken portions with the skin off or skin on, in bulk or tray packs, and whole carcasses. They were collected from butcher shops, supermarkets, and specialty stores from urban areas during the winter (2005) and summer (2006) months. The samples were analyzed to determine the prevalence and concentration of Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Campylobacter spp. in addition to total viable counts. Salmonella was found in 47.7 and 35.5% of retail chicken samples (35.3 and 21.9% were the less virulent Salmonella Sofia), at mean counts of −1.42 and −1.6 log MPN/cm2 in New South Wales and South Australia, respectively. Campylobacter was found in 87.8 and 93.2% of samples at mean counts of 0.87 and 0.78 log CFU/cm2, respectively. In both states in both seasons, the mean total viable count was 5 log CFU/cm2. On whole birds, E. coli was detected in all winter samples and on 92.9 and 85.7% of summer samples in New South Wales and South Australia, respectively; the log of the geometric mean per square centimeter was 0.5 in winter and slightly lower in summer. On chicken portions, E. coli was detected in around 90% of winter samples in both states, and in summer on 75.1 and 59.6% of samples in New South Wales and South Australia, respectively. The log of the geometric mean CFU per square centimeter for E. coli was 0.75 and 0.91 in winter, and 0.66 and 0.5 in summer in New South Wales and South Australia, respectively.

A Field Study of the Microbiological Quality of Fresh Produce†‡

2005 ◽  
Vol 68 (9) ◽  
pp. 1840-1847 ◽  
Author(s):  
LYNETTE M. JOHNSTON ◽  
LEE-ANN JAYKUS ◽  
DEBORAH MOLL ◽  
MARTHA C. MARTINEZ ◽  
JUAN ANCISO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Indicator Organisms ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Leafy Greens ◽  
Microbiological Methods ◽  
Aerobic Plate Count

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has reported that foodborne disease outbreaks associated with fruits and vegetables increased during the past decade. This study was conducted to characterize the routes of microbial contamination in produce and to identify areas of potential contamination from production through postharvest handling. We report here the levels of bacterial indicator organisms and the prevalence of selected pathogens in produce samples collected from the southern United States. A total of 398 produce samples (leafy greens, herbs, and cantaloupe) were collected through production and the packing shed and assayed by enumerative tests for total aerobic bacteria, total coliforms, total Enterococcus, and Escherichia coli. These samples also were analyzed for Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes, and E. coli O157:H7. Microbiological methods were based on methods recommended by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. For all leafy greens and herbs, geometric mean indicator levels ranged from 4.5 to 6.2 log CFU/g (aerobic plate count); less than 1 to 4.3 log CFU/g (coliforms and Enterococcus); and less than 1 to 1.5 log CFU/g (E. coli). In many cases, indicator levels remained relatively constant throughout the packing shed, particularly for mustard greens. However, for cilantro and parsley, total coliform levels increased during the packing process. For cantaloupe, microbial levels significantly increased from field through packing, with ranges of 6.4 to 7.0 log CFU/g (aerobic plate count); 2.1 to 4.3 log CFU/g (coliforms); 3.5 to 5.2 log CFU/g (Enterococcus); and less than 1 to 2.5 log CFU/g (E. coli). The prevalence of pathogens for all samples was 0, 0, and 0.7% (3 of 398) for L. monocytogenes, E. coli O157:H7, and Salmonella, respectively. This study demonstrates that each step from production to consumption may affect the microbial load of produce and reinforces government recommendations for ensuring a high-quality product.

Microbiological Quality of Cream-Type Pies During Processing

1985 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-75
Author(s):  
A. H. SCHWAB ◽  
B. A. WENTZ ◽  
J. A. JAGOW ◽  
A. SWARTZENTRUBER ◽  
A. P. DURAN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Inspection ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Good Manufacturing Practices ◽  
Dairy Ingredients ◽  
Aerobic Plate Count ◽  
And Staphylococcus Aureus

In-line samples of crust, filling and topping were collected from pies being prepared by all U.S. firms making frozen cream-type pies for interstate distribution. All firms adhered to Good Manufacturing Practices, as determined by visual inspection. Geometric mean aerobic plate count values were generally low for crust, filling and topping, ranging from 49 CFU/g for topping containing dairy ingredients as it was deposited onto the pie filling to 2400 CFU/g for filling containing dairy ingredients as it was deposited into the crust of the pie. Geometric mean coliform, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus values were generally lower than the limits of detection, which were 3/g for coliforms and E. coli and 10/g for S. aureus.

Microbiological Quality of Australian Beef Carcass Meat and Frozen Bulk Packed Beef

1998 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 437-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
PAUL B. VANDERLINDE ◽  
BARRY SHAY ◽  
JAMES MURRAY
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Export Markets ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Coliform Count ◽  
Beef Carcasses ◽  
Beef Carcass

Two studies were undertaken to determine the microbiological quality of beef carcass meat and frozen boneless bulk packed beef produced in Australia. Samples were collected from 1,063 beef carcasses and from 929 cartons of frozen boneless bulk packed beef over a period of approximately 12 months. Samples were collected from works processing beef carcasses for the Australian domestic market and from works targeting export markets. On carcasses processed for export markets, where bacterial counts were obtained, the log10 mean of the APC (aerobic plate count) was 3.13 CFU/cm2; the geometric mean of the coliform count was 19 MPN/cm2; and the geometric mean of Escherichia coli was 13 MPN/cm2. A small percentage (0.59%) of export samples were found positive for Listeria monocytogenes, 0.16% were positive for Campylobacter jejuni/coli, 0.22% were positive for Salmonella spp., and 29% were positive for coagulase-positive Staphylococcus spp. Bacterial numbers were lower on carcasses processed for export markets and higher on carcasses chilled for more than 24 h. Escherichia coli O157 was recovered from 4 of 893 export carcasses tested (0.45%). Of the export frozen boneless bulk packed beef samples that tested positive, the log10 mean of the APC was 2.5 CFU/g, the geometric mean of the coliform count was 15 MPN/g, and the geometric mean number of E. coli was 15 MPN/g. Three of 787 export frozen samples (0.38%) tested positive for Salmonella spp. E. coli O157 was not isolated from any of the 685 export frozen samples tested for this bacteria. Export samples on average had lower APCs than domestic samples. Results from both surveys are compared with data from similar studies in other countries.

scholarly journals Microbiological quality assessment of fresh tilapia marketed in the Federal District and of the ice used for its conservation

2022 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Carolina Almeida de Oliveira Ferreira ◽  
Erika da Silva Monteiro ◽  
David de Oliveira Sousa ◽  
Calliandra Maria de Souza Silva ◽  
Izabel Cristina Rodrigues Da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Analysis ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Federal District ◽  
Production Chain ◽  
Total Coliforms ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Psychrotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Thermotolerant Coliforms

Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is the most cultivated and consumed freshwater fish in Brazil. The present study aimed to evaluate the microbiological quality of ice and fresh tilapia samples commercialized in the Federal District. Tilapia samples were tested for counts of mesophilic and psychrotrophic bacteria, determination of total and thermotolerant coliforms, Staphylococcus aureus counts and presence of Salmonella. Ice samples were analyzed for determination of total coliforms and thermotolerant coliforms and presence of Escherichia coli. Of the 20 samples of fresh tilapia analyzed, ten samples (50%) presented Salmonella (genetically confirmed through the presence of the invA gene) and, therefore, were unfit for consumption. S. aureus was found in 11 samples (55%), and one sample of fillet presented S. aureus counts (3.15 CFU/g) above the limit allowed by Brazilian legislation (3 log CFU/g). S. aureus colonies were confirmed by detection of CoA gene in molecular analysis. Of the 14 ice samples analyzed, 12 samples (85.7%) were unfit for use in fish conservation due to the presence of total coliforms and 9 ice samples (64.3%) were also contaminated with thermotolerant coliforms. E. coli was isolated from 6 ice samples (42.9%) and confirmed in the molecular analysis through the amplification of the MalB gene. In conclusion, the high contamination of tilapia samples with Salmonella and of the ice used for its conservation with coliforms and E. coli indicates the need for better hygienic practices in the tilapia production chain, to increase its quality and microbiological safety.

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