Storage reservoirs – a first barrier for pathogenic micro-organisms in the Netherlands

1998 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lambert W. C. A. van Breemen ◽  
Henk A. M. Ketelaars ◽  
Wim Hoogenboezem ◽  
Gertjan Medema
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Quality Criteria ◽  
River Rhine ◽  
Total Production ◽  
River Meuse ◽  
Storage Reservoirs ◽  
Microbiological Water Quality ◽  
Micro Organisms

Production of drinking water from river water, abstracted either directly from river or from storage reservoirs, requires the application of barriers for pathogenic micro-organisms. About one third of the total production of drinking water in the Netherlands is derived from surface water, mainly the River Meuse and branches of the River Rhine. The results of extensive monitoring programmes show that the microbiological water quality of the River Rhine and River Meuse is strongly influenced by domestic and agricultural waste water discharges, with respect to the River Meuse mainly in the Liège-region in Belgium. Densities of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in both rivers are comparable; the highest density was found in the Belgian Meuse basin. Elimination rates of 1.7- to 3.1 10log-units for pathogenic micro-organisms were found in Dutch storage reservoirs, which can thus be considered as an important first barrier for pathogenic microorganisms. The elimination capacity of reservoirs is influenced by retention time and contamination by waterfowl. To meet the proposed quality criteria for pathogens in drinking water, however, additional barriers are required.

Limes en landschap

Lampas ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-145
Author(s):  
Marieke van Dinter
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
River Rhine ◽  
Wetland Area ◽  
Military Installations ◽  
River Meuse ◽  
Roman Military ◽  
Building Project

Summary From the AD 40s onwards a dense Roman military system was established along the Oude Rijn in the Netherlands. It has long been questioned why this system was established in a wetland area, and how it went on to become the northwest frontier or limes of the Roman Empire. In order to shed new light on this longstanding historical debate a detailed paleogeographical map was constructed. From the information assembled in this new map it can be concluded that this military system, which comprised a combination of forts and watchtowers, was established to watch over the river Rhine and its traffic, and to guard all waterways that gave access to the Rhine from the Germanic territories further north, and to and from the river Meuse further south to the delta. It is clear that strategic and logistical motives determined the size and location of all of the forts and military installations in this fortified transport corridor. The construction of the series of forts from the early 40s AD onwards has been correlated with the conquest of Britain from AD 43 onwards, but the building project was initiated in the reign of Caligula (AD 37-41).

Particle and micro-organism removal in conventional and advanced treatment technology

1998 ◽  
Vol 37 (10) ◽  
pp. 125-134
Author(s):  
A. Graveland
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Advanced Technology ◽  
River Rhine ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Water Quality Standards ◽  
Treatment Technology ◽  
Micro Organisms

All international drinking water quality standards can be divided into four groups – (micro)biological: bacteria, viruses, cysts, higher organisms, etc. – toxicological: THM, AOX, pesticides, solvents, etc. – organoleptic (esthetic): taste, odor, color, turbidity, etc. – operational: DOC, AOC, pH, Ca2+, HCO3−, Cl−, SO42−, etc. The philosophy on drinking water treatment focuses on the removal of all the undesired species, dissolved and undissolved, available in raw water, in such a way that no new undesired compounds are introduced during treatment such as Al, Cl2, THM, AOX and AOC or during distribution such as Pb, Cu, Cd and asbestos. Special attention is paid to the removal of organic and inorganic colloids and of micro-organisms. Microbiologically stable water during storage and distribution can be realized by removal of nutrients (DOC, AOC) without the use of chlorine of chlorine products. As an example the treatment systems of the Amsterdam Water Supply based on the relatively very polluted raw water of the river Rhine are described. For future expansion of the production capacity membrane processes such as hyperfiltration (HF), electrodialysis reversal (EDR) and ultrafiltration (UF) are investigated. Results are shown on conventional and advanced technology concerning: final water quality, natural and environmental protection, process stability and costs per m3.

scholarly journals Environmental growth of the faecal indicator Enterococcus moraviensis

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 971-979
Author(s):  
Maja Taučer-Kapteijn ◽  
Wim Hoogenboezem ◽  
Gertjan Medema
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Sand Dunes ◽  
Enterococcus Species ◽  
Dune Vegetation ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
Isolated Species

Soil passage through sand dunes has previously been shown to remove enteric micro-organisms very effectively, and hence is used for the production of drinking water. However, enterococci have occasionally been isolated from abstracted water (after dune passage) in one of the dune infiltration areas in the Netherlands. Enterococcus moraviensis was the most frequently isolated species. Until now, no faecal sources of this species have been reported and the potential for growth under certain environmental conditions was reported for other Enterococcus species. The aim of this study was to determine the ability of E. moraviensis to grow in habitats present in the dune passage process (dune vegetation, sediment from abstraction wells, biofilm developed using abstracted water and soil). Different concentrations of boiled and filtered (0.45 μm) plant extracts obtained from dune vegetation supported growth (up to 6 log), with maximum concentrations after 4 to 6 days at 15 °C. Although E. moraviensis was shown to be able to attach to the biofilm, no growth was observed in biofilm or in sediment and soil. These observations confound the use of E. moraviensis as a faecal indicator.

Copper corrosion control in the Netherlands

2001 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 75-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.G.G. Slaats ◽  
H. Brink ◽  
T.J.J. van der Hoven
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Treatment Techniques ◽  
Copper Pipe ◽  
Copper Release ◽  
Average Intake ◽  
Split Treatment ◽  
New Treatment ◽  
Monitoring Protocols ◽  
Copper Solubility

Copper is the most commonly used material for pipes in domestic installations in the Netherlands. Depending on the composition of the water the copper pipes can add a significant amount of copper to drinking water. In the new European Drinking Water Directive (98/83/EC) the parametric value for copper in drinking water is decreased from 3 to 2 mg/l. The new directive also stipulates that copper levels should be determined on the basis of a sample ‘taken at the consumers' tap’ representative of the weekly average intake by humans. Harmonisation of monitoring protocols for copper in the European member states is necessary. In the Netherlands about 45% of the drinking water is already softened or de-acidified in order to decrease copper concentrations in drinking water. In the Netherlands two new treatment techniques have been studied for their impact on copper release; these are Reverse Osmosis (RO) and the addition of inhibitors. Copper pipe rig tests have shown that RO treatment decreases copper release. Split treatment of water with RO reduces copper solubility of drinking water through a decrease in both total inorganic carbon (TIC) and sulphate level. Remarkable was the relatively small decrease in copper release after split treatment with RO, compared to previous experiences in the Netherlands, suggesting an effect of natural organic matter. A new promising technique in the Netherlands is the addition of the inhibitor carbonate-activated silicate. At the test sites, the reduction in copper solubility due to the use of carbonate-activated silicate was 15 to 35%.

Trace Metal Soil Quality Criteria to Protect Ground Water

1992 ◽  
Vol 26 (9-11) ◽  
pp. 2327-2329
Author(s):  
J. Lee ◽  
B. Chen ◽  
H. E. Allen ◽  
C. P. Huang ◽  
D. L. Sparks ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Quality Criteria ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
Inorganic Materials ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Water Quality Standards ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
Drinking Water Standard ◽  
Cadmium And Lead ◽  
Adsorption Desorption

A major problem in site remediation is frequently the lack of appropriate standards for pollutants in soil. Lack of standards for an exposure route can result in subjective judgments regarding the extent of remediation needed. These problems are particularly important when considering the potential for groundwater contamination by inorganic materials. The partitioning of trace metals is highly dependent on the nature of the soil and on the solution pH. The maximum level of metal in soil for which the equilibrium soluble metal does not exceed the drinking water standard can be computed, at any pH, from the measured partition coefficient for any metal and soil. The sorption of cadmium and lead onto major types of New Jersey soil has been determined as a function of pH. As the pH decreased, the amount of adsorbed metal decreased. As is conventionally done, we have transformed these data into sorption coefficients (Kd) which are a function of pH. To apply such data in the decision making process, it is necessary to use the Kd and appropriate conditions of soil/groundwater in the environment. The calculation determines the maximum concentration of metal which will not result in exceedence of water quality standards. Thesecriteria can be used as a soil standard which will be protective of groundwater quality. We developed adsorption/desorption relationships in the form of a mathematical model and computed the maximum level of metal in soil for which the equilibrium soluble metal will not exceed the drinking water standards.

De watervoorziening op de zandgronden

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 74-88
Author(s):  
BERT GROENEWOUDT
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Functional Differentiation ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
14Th Century ◽  
Local Topography ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Settlement Landscape

Water supply in the sandy dry lands (the Netherlands). Spatio-temporal developments Wells as water facilities were standard elements of the Dutch settlement landscape only since the Roman period. At the same time (drinking) water facilities became largely detached from the local topography. The position of a well within a settlement became determined by that of its associated house, and its position relative to the house became more or less fixed. This reflects the functional and social subdivision of the farmhouse into two distinct sections: ‘front’ and ‘back’. Communal water facilities (socially important as well) seem to have been associated with nucleated settlement, and they always existed alongside private facilities. Communal (public) wells first appeared in towns around the 13th or 14th century, but in rural areas probably not until the 16th century. In different periods there is evidence for the expression of social and functional differentiation.

De Romeinse Limes in Nederland

Lampas ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-123
Author(s):  
Stephan Mols ◽  
Rien Polak
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
External Boundary ◽  
River Rhine ◽  
Left Bank ◽  
History Of ◽  
Frontier Zone ◽  
Organic Remains

Summary For more than five hundred years the southern part of the Netherlands belonged to the Roman Empire, more particularly to the province of Germania inferior (Lower Germany). The left bank of the river Rhine served as the external boundary of this province, once the ambition to annex the Germanic territories across the river had been abandoned. Although the Lower German Limes is only a modest part of the whole frontier system of the Roman Empire, it can boast of various distinctive characteristics, the most important of which is the outstanding preservation of timber buildings, ships and other organic remains in the water-logged conditions of the Rhine delta. This paper presents a brief history of this frontier section and addresses a few general issues, as an introduction to a series of papers discussing a variety of aspects of the frontier and of life in a frontier zone.

scholarly journals Exploring the regulatory challenges of a possible rollout of smart water meters in the Netherlands

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 159-179
Author(s):  
Brenda Espinosa Apráez ◽  
Saskia Lavrijssen
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Big Data ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Smart Water ◽  
Water Meters ◽  
Regulatory Challenges

Big data have become a driver of innovation in multiple sectors, including the management of infrastructures employed for the provision of essential goods and services, such as drinking water. As technology enables new possibilities of action for infrastructure managers, it could be questioned whether the regulations in place still deal adequately with such possibilities or if certain adjustments are necessary, especially considering that infrastructure managers usually operate in highly regulated environments. This study explores the regulatory challenges of introducing smart water meters (SWM) in the Netherlands. In particular, it discusses whether the introduction of SWM will require adjusting the regulations of the sector, to deal with the new possibilities of action enabled by this technology.

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