Nitrification and autotrophic denitrification of source-separated urine

2003 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.M. Udert ◽  
C. Fux ◽  
M. Münster ◽  
T.A. Larsen ◽  
H. Siegrist ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ammonia Oxidation ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Nitrate Solution ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Biofilm Reactor ◽  
Anammox Bacteria ◽  
Nitrification Rate ◽  
Ammonium Oxidation ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate Solution ◽  
Total Ammonia

In laboratory experiments, source-separated urine was stabilised with nitrification and denitrified via nitritation and anaerobic ammonium oxidation. The highest total ammonia concentration in the influent was 7,300 gN/m3, the maximum pH 9.2. In a moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) with Kaldnes® biofilm carriers, we stabilised urine as a 1:1 ammonium nitrate solution. The maximum nitrification rate was 380 gN/m3/d corresponding to 1.7 gN/m2biofilm/d. Nitrite ammonium solutions were produced in a continuous flow stirred tank reactor (CSTR) with 4.8 days sludge retention time (SRT) at 30°C and in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) with more than 30 days SRT. Nitrate build-up was negligible in both reactors. Nitritation rates were 780 gN/m3/d in the CSTR and 280 gN/m3/d in the SBR, respectively. However, shortening the cycles would increase nitritation in the SBR. High concentrations of nitrous acid, salts, and presumably hydroxylamine suppressed nitrite oxidation in the nitritation reactors. In all three nitrification reactors, maximally 50% of the influent total ammonia was oxidised without pH control. None of the common inhibition or limitation approaches could explain why ammonia oxidation always stopped at pH values around 6. In a batch experiment, we showed that source-separated urine can be denitrified autotrophically by anammox bacteria.

scholarly journals Enhanced Nitrogen Removal from Domestic Wastewater by Partial-Denitrification/Anammox in an Anoxic/Oxic Biofilm Reactor

Processes ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 109
Author(s):  
Yu Huang ◽  
Yongzhen Peng ◽  
Donghui Huang ◽  
Jiarui Fan ◽  
Rui Du
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Removal ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Biofilm Reactor ◽  
Anammox Bacteria ◽  
Stable Operation ◽  
Ammonium Oxidation ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
Carbon Demand ◽  
Oxidation Efficiency

A partial-denitrification coupling with anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) process (PD/A) in a continuous-flow anoxic/oxic (A/O) biofilm reactor was developed to treat carbon-limited domestic wastewater (ammonia (NH4+-N) of 55 mg/L and chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 148 mg/L in average) for about 200 days operation. Satisfactory NH4+-N oxidation efficiency above 95% was achieved with rapid biofilm formation in the aerobic zone. Notably, nitrite (NO2−-N) accumulation was observed in the anoxic zone, mainly due to the insufficient electron donor for complete nitrate (NO3−-N) reduction. The nitrate-to-nitrite transformation ratio (NTR) achieved was as high as 64.4%. After the inoculation of anammox-enriched sludge to anoxic zones, total nitrogen (TN) removal was significantly improved from 37.3% to 78.0%. Anammox bacteria were effectively retained in anoxic biofilm utilizing NO2−-N produced via the PD approach and NH4+-N in domestic wastewater, with the relative abundance of 5.83% for stable operation. Anammox pathway contributed to TN removal by a high level of 38%. Overall, this study provided a promising method for mainstream nitrogen removal with low energy consumption and organic carbon demand.

Anaerobic ammonium oxidation by Nitrosomonas spp. and anammox bacteria in a sequencing batch reactor

2009 ◽  
Vol 90 (2) ◽  
pp. 967-972 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pongsak (Lek) Noophan ◽  
Siriporn Sripiboon ◽  
Mongkol Damrongsri ◽  
Junko Munakata-Marr
Keyword(s):  
Sequencing Batch Reactor ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation ◽  
Anammox Bacteria ◽  
Ammonium Oxidation

scholarly journals Influence of dissolved oxygen on nitrification kinetics in a circulating bed reactor

1998 ◽  
Vol 37 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 189-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Lazarova ◽  
R. Nogueira ◽  
J. Manem ◽  
L. Melo
Keyword(s):  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Oxygen Concentration ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Biofilm Reactor ◽  
Laboratory Scale ◽  
Nitrification Rate ◽  
Nitrification Kinetics ◽  
Laboratory Scale Reactor

The influence of dissolved oxygen concentration in nitrification kinetics was studied in a new biofilm reactor, the circulating bed reactor (CBR). The study was carried out partly at laboratory scale with synthetic water containing inorganic carbon and nitrogen compounds, and partly at pilot scale for secondary and tertiary nitrification of municipal wastewater. The experimental results showed that either the ammonia or the oxygen concentration could be limiting for the nitrification rate. The transition from ammonia to oxygen limiting conditions occurred for an oxygen to ammonia concentration ratio of about 1.5 - 2 gO2/gN-NH4+ for both laboratory- and pilot-scale reactors. The nitrification kinetics of the laboratory-scale reactor was close to a half order function of the oxygen concentration, when oxygen was the rate limiting substrate.

scholarly journals Nitrogen removal via a single-stage PN–Anammox process in a novel combined biofilm reactor

2017 ◽  
Vol 77 (6) ◽  
pp. 1483-1492 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yue-mei Han ◽  
Feng-xia Liu ◽  
Xiao-fei Xu ◽  
Zhuo Yan ◽  
Zhi-jun Liu
Keyword(s):  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Removal ◽  
Ammonia Oxidation ◽  
Biofilm Reactor ◽  
Nitrifying Bacteria ◽  
Anammox Bacteria ◽  
Ammonia Oxidizing Bacteria ◽  
High Ammonia ◽  
Total Nitrogen Removal ◽  
Anammox Process

Abstract This study developed a partial nitrification (PN) and anaerobic ammonia oxidation (Anammox) process for treating high-ammonia wastewater using an innovative biofilm system in which ammonia oxidizing bacteria grew on fluidized Kaldnes (K1) carriers and Anammox bacteria grew on fixed acryl resin carriers. The airlift loop biofilm reactor (ALBR) was stably operated for more than 4 months under the following conditions: 35 ± 2 °C, pH 7.5–8.0 and dissolved oxygen (DO) of 0.5–3.5 mg/L. The results showed that the total nitrogen removal efficiency reached a maximum of 75% and the total nitrogen removal loading rate was above 0.4 kg/(d·m3). DO was the most efficient control parameter in the mixed biofilm system, and values below 1.5 mg/L were observed in the riser zone for the PN reaction, while values below 0.8 mg/L were observed in the downer zone for the Anammox reaction. Scanning electron microscopy and Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization images showed that most of the nitrifying bacteria were distributed on the K1 carriers and most of the Anammox bacteria were distributed within the acryl resin carriers. Therefore, the results indicate that the proposed combined biofilm system is easy to operate and efficient for the treatment of high-ammonia wastewater.

Anaerobic ammonium oxidation in polyvinyl alcohol and sodium alginate immobilized biomass system: a potential tool to maintain anammox biomass in application

2013 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 718-726 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gang-Li Zhu ◽  
Jia Yan ◽  
Yong-You Hu
Keyword(s):  
Polyvinyl Alcohol ◽  
Sodium Alginate ◽  
Nitrogen Removal ◽  
Enrichment Culture ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation ◽  
Anammox Bacteria ◽  
Ammonium Oxidation ◽  
Gel Beads ◽  
Key Factor

Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) has been proved to be a promising nitrogen removal method for treating ammonium-rich wastewater. However, because of the low-growth rate of anammox bacteria, maintenance of a sufficient amount of anammox biomass in reactor became a key factor in application. Gel immobilization is an efficient method to prevent biomass from being washed out and to promote hyper-concentrated cultures. This study focused on a nitrogen removal process by anammox enrichment culture immobilized in polyvinyl alcohol and sodium alginate (PVA-SA) gel beads. The rapid startup of reactor demonstrated that gel entrapment was supposed to be a highly effective technique for immobilizing anammox bacteria. The anammox bacteria present in the enrichment were identified to be Jettenia-like species (>98%). Moreover, the effect of hydraulic retention time (HRT), pH, and temperature on immobilized anammox processes were investigated. The effect of pH and temperature on the anammox process was evidently weakened in PVA-SA immobilized gel beads, however, the effect of HRT on the anammox reaction was enhanced. Therefore, a stable operated reactor could be obtained in an anaerobic sequencing batch reactor, which proved gel immobilization was an excellent method to maintain the biomass in anammox reactor for application.

scholarly journals Model-based analysis of microbial consortia and microbial products in an anammox biofilm reactor

2018 ◽  
Vol 77 (7) ◽  
pp. 1951-1959 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Azari ◽  
A. V. Le ◽  
M. Lübken ◽  
M. Denecke
Keyword(s):  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Biofilm Reactor ◽  
Microbial Consortia ◽  
Nitrifying Bacteria ◽  
Anammox Bacteria ◽  
Ammonium Oxidation ◽  
Leachate Treatment ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Microbial Products

Abstract A mathematical model for a granular biofilm reactor for leachate treatment was validated by long-term measured data to investigate the mechanisms and drivers influencing biological nitrogen removal and microbial consortia dynamics. The proposed model, based on Activated Sludge Model (ASM1), included anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox), nitrifying and heterotrophic denitrifying bacteria which can attach and grow on granular activated carbon (GAC) particles. Two kinetic descriptions for the model were proposed: with and without soluble microbial products (SMP) and extracellular polymeric substance (EPS). The model accuracy was checked using recorded total inorganic nitrogen concentrations in the effluent and estimated relative abundance of active bacteria using quantitative fluorescence in-situ hybridization (qFISH). Results suggested that the model with EPS kinetics fits better for the relative abundance of anammox bacteria and nitrifying bacteria compared to the model without EPS. The model with EPS and SMP confirms that the growth and existence of heterotrophs in anammox biofilm systems slightly increased due to including the kinetics of SMP production in the model. During the one-year simulation period, the fractions of autotrophs and EPS in the biomass were almost stable but the fraction of heterotrophs decreased which is correlated with the reduction in nitrogen surface loading on the biofilm.

scholarly journals Nitrogen removal and microbial communities of a completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite (CANON) sequencing batch biofilm reactor (SBBR) at different inorganic carbon (IC) concentrations

2020 ◽  
Vol 81 (5) ◽  
pp. 1071-1079
Author(s):  
Caimeng Wang ◽  
Lirong Lei ◽  
Fangrui Cai ◽  
Youming Li
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Removal ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Biofilm Reactor ◽  
Anammox Bacteria ◽  
Ammonium Oxidation ◽  
Sequencing Batch Biofilm Reactor ◽  
Microbial Analysis ◽  
Total Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Canon Process ◽  
Autotrophic Nitrogen Removal

Abstract In this study, the completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite (CANON) process was initiated in a sequencing batch biofilm reactor (SBBR). Then the reactor was operated under different IC/N ratios. The total inorganic nitrogen removal efficiency (TINRE) at IC/N ratios of 0.75, 1.0, 1.25, 1.5 and 2.0 were 37.0 ± 11.0%, 58.9 ± 10.2%, 73.9 ± 3.2%, 73.6 ± 1.8% and 72.6 ± 2.0%, respectively. The suitable range of IC/N ratio in this research is 1.25–2.0. The poor nitrogen removal performance at IC/N ratio of 0.75 was due to the lack of growth substrate for AnAOB and low pH simultaneously; at IC/N ratio of 1.0 this was because the substrate concentration was insufficient for fully recovering the AnAOB activities. Microbial analysis indicated that Nitrosomonas, Nitrospira and Candidatus Brocadia were the main ammonium oxidation bacteria (AOB), nitrite oxidation bacteria (NOB) and anammox bacteria (AnAOB), respectively. In addition, at IC ratios of 1.25 or higher, denitrification was promoted with the rise of IC/N ratio, which might be because the change of IC concentrations caused cell lysis of microorganisms and provided organic matter for denitrification.

Enrichment of Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation (Anammox) Bacteria for Biological Nitrogen Removal of Wastewater

2013 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Norjan Yusof ◽  
Hanisom Abdullah ◽  
Syakirah Samsudin ◽  
Mohd Ali Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation ◽  
Anammox Bacteria ◽  
Ammonium Oxidation ◽  
Leachate Treatment ◽  
16S Rrna Sequence ◽  
Bottom Part ◽  
Enrichment Cultures ◽  
Anammox Activity ◽  
Biological Nitrogen

Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) bacteria enrichment was explored for the potential application of ammonium rich wastewater removal. Samples of sludge from mature and young landfill leachate treatment plants were screened and used as inocula for anammox enrichment cultures. Enrichments were monitored for N-NH3, N-NO2- and N-NO3- to detect anammox potential activity. Six of the twelve enrichment cultures showed anammox activity after more than five months of enrichment period. All enrichment cultures that gave positive results were obtained from bottom part of sequencing batch reactor (SBR) lagoon indicating localization of anammox bacteria in anaerobic condition.  Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) with specific primers targeting anammox and planctomycete were able to amplify the 16S rRNA sequence for anammox bacteria under PCR optimum condition. However, only three of six positive samples were successfully sequenced. DNA sequence analysis using NCBI (BLAST) and RDP showed that the anammox bacterial sequences of the investigated samples were identified as Candidatus Kuenenia stuttgartiensis with similarity of 100% (NCBI) and 99.3% (RDP).

scholarly journals High-Rate Nitrification at Low pH in Suspended- and Attached-Biomass Reactors

2004 ◽  
Vol 70 (11) ◽  
pp. 6481-6487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheldon Tarre ◽  
Michal Green
Keyword(s):  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Biofilm Reactor ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Ammonium Uptake ◽  
Nitrifying Bacteria ◽  
Nitrification Rate ◽  
Uptake System ◽  
Chemolithotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Suspended Biomass

ABSTRACT This article reports on high-rate nitrification at low pH in biofilm and suspended-biomass reactors by known chemolithotrophic bacteria. In the biofilm reactor, at low pH (4.3 � 0.1) and low bulk ammonium concentrations (9.3 � 3.3 mg � liter−1), a very high nitrification rate of 5.6 g of N oxidized � liter−1 � day−1 was achieved. The specific nitrification rate (0.55 g of N � g of biomass−1 � day−1) was similar to values reported for nitrifying reactors at optimal pH. In the suspended-biomass reactor, the average pH was significantly lower than that in the biofilm reactor (pH 3.8 � 0.3), and values as low as pH 3.2 were found. In addition, measurements in the suspended-biomass reactor, using isotope-labeled ammonium (15N), showed that in spite of the very low pH, biomass growth occurred with a yield of 0.1 g of biomass � g of N oxidized−1. Fluorescence in situ hybridization using existing rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes showed that the nitrifying bacteria were from the monophyletic genus Nitrosomonas, suggesting that autotrophic nitrification at low pH is more widespread than previously thought. The results presented in this paper clearly show that autotrophic nitrifying bacteria have the ability to nitrify at a high rate at low pH and in the presence of only a negligible free ammonia concentration, suggesting the presence of an efficient ammonium uptake system and the means to cope with low pH.

Nitrite inhibition and limitation – the effect of nitrite spiking on anammox biofilm, suspended and granular biomass

2016 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 313-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus Raudkivi ◽  
Ivar Zekker ◽  
Ergo Rikmann ◽  
Priit Vabamäe ◽  
Kristel Kroon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Removal Rate ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Polymerase Chain Reaction Analysis ◽  
Biofilm Reactor ◽  
Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket ◽  
Anaerobic Sludge ◽  
Ammonium Oxidation ◽  
Anammox Process ◽  
Nitrite Inhibition

Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) has been studied extensively while no widely accepted optimum values for nitrite (both a substance and inhibitor) has been determined. In the current paper, nitrite spiking (abruptly increasing nitrite concentration in reactor over 20 mg NO−2-NL−1) effect on anammox process was studied on three systems: a moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR), a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) and an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB). The inhibition thresholds and concentrations causing 50% of biomass activity decrease (IC50) were determined in batch tests. The results showed spiked biomass to be less susceptible to nitrite inhibition. Although the values of inhibition threshold and IC50 concentrations were similar for non-spiked biomass (81 and 98 mg NO−2-NL−1, respectively, for SBR), nitrite spiking increased IC50 considerably (83 and 240 mg NO−2-NL−1, respectively, for UASB). As the highest total nitrogen removal rate was also measured at the aforementioned thresholds, there is basis to suggest stronger limiting effect of nitrite on anammox process than previously reported. The quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis showed similar number of anammox 16S rRNA copies in all reactors, with the lowest quantity in SBR and the highest in MBBR (3.98 × 108 and 1.04 × 109 copies g−1 TSS, respectively).

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