Pathogenic parasites and enteroviruses in wastewater: support for a regulation on water reuse

2013 ◽  
Vol 67 (7) ◽  
pp. 1512-1518 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elayse M. Hachich ◽  
Ana T. Galvani ◽  
Jose A. Padula ◽  
Nancy C. Stoppe ◽  
Suzi C. Garcia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Immunomagnetic Separation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment ◽  
Microbial Risk Assessment ◽  
Wastewater Samples ◽  
Health Organization

Brazilian regulations for nonpotable reuse are being established using World Health Organization guidelines, however, they should be developed based on local monitoring studies. This study intended to analyze enteroviruses, protozoa and viable Ascaris sp. eggs in raw (24) and treated (24) effluents from four Wastewater Treatment Plants of São Paulo State, Brazil. The protozoa were detected with the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Method 1623 in the treated effluents and by centrifugation/Immunomagnetic Separation in the raw influent samples. Viable Ascaris sp. eggs were analyzed according to a modified USEPA method. Enteroviruses were quantified by using human rhabdomyosarcoma cells after adequate concentration procedures. All wastewater influents were positive for Giardia sp. whereas Cryptosporidium sp. was detected in 58.3% of the samples. Giardia sp. and Cryptosporidium sp. were present in 79.2 and 25.0% respectively, of the treated wastewater samples. Viable Ascaris sp. eggs were detected in 50.0 and 12.5% of influent and treated wastewater samples. Enteroviruses were isolated in the 24 raw influent samples and in 46% of the treated samples. Taking into account the densities of Giardia sp. in some treated wastewaters intended to be used as reclaimed water, Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment studies should be conducted to establish pathogen quantitative criteria for a future Brazilian regulation for water reuse.

scholarly journals How to Overcome Barriers for Wastewater Agricultural Reuse in Sicily (Italy)?

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Delia Ventura ◽  
Simona Consoli ◽  
Salvatore Barbagallo ◽  
Alessia Marzo ◽  
Daniela Vanella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
World Health ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Microbial Risk Assessment ◽  
Microbial Risk ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Health Organization

This study reports an up-to-date summary of the principal barriers still limiting reclaimed water use for agriculture in Italy, and particularly in Sicily. Moreover, it provides a geographic informative system (GIS)-based procedure for evaluating the potential treated wastewater (TW) reuse in the Sicilian region as a decision support system for its management. The survey, based on possible economic, morphologic, and design solutions, evidenced a feasible integration of several wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) with irrigation areas, allowing the water availability enhancement. Overall, the potential volume of TW by WWTPs (connected to irrigation districts) is 163 × 106 m3 year−1, while the water deficit is 66 × 106 m3 year−1. The feasibility of TW reuse in Sicily was also analysed at the light of the World Health Organization microbial risk assessment. Escherichia coli (E. coli) analyses mostly accomplished these guidelines while conflicting with the restrictive Italian standards. Despite several limiting factors (restrictive legislations, high distance and unfavourable slope between WWTPs and irrigable areas, high monitoring and distribution costs) still hamper the exploitation of reclaimed water use in Sicilian agriculture, some solutions were identified to implement this practice.

scholarly journals Absence of virological and epidemiological evidence that SARS-CoV-2 poses COVID-19 risks from environmental fecal waste, wastewater and water exposures

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark D. Sobsey
Keyword(s):  
Health Effects ◽  
Water Environment ◽  
World Health ◽  
Personal Contact ◽  
Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment ◽  
Epidemiological Evidence ◽  
Microbial Risk Assessment ◽  
Infected People ◽  
Microbial Risk ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract This review considers evidence for infectious severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) presence and COVID-19 infection and illness resulting from exposure to environmental fecal wastes and waters. There is no documented evidence that (1) infectious, replication-capable SARS-CoV-2 is present in environmental fecal wastes, wastewater or water, and (2) well-documented epidemiological evidence of COVID-19 infection, illness or death has never been reported for these exposure media. COVID-19 is transmitted mainly by direct personal contact and respiratory secretions as airborne droplets and aerosols, and less so by respiratory-secreted fomites via contact (touch) exposures. While SARS-CoV-2 often infects the gastrointestinal tract of infected people, its presence as infectious, replication-capable virus in environmental fecal wastes and waters has never been documented. There is only rare and unquantified evidence of infectious, replication-capable SARS-CoV-2 in recently shed feces of COVID-19 hospital patients. The human infectivity dose–response relationship of SARS-CoV-2 is unknown, thereby making it impossible to estimate evidence-based quantitative health effects assessments by quantitative microbial risk assessment methods requiring both known exposure assessment and health effects assessment data. The World Health Organization, Water Environment Federation, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and others do not consider environmental fecal wastes and waters as sources of exposure to infectious SARS-CoV-2 causing COVID-19 infection and illness.

scholarly journals First detection of SARS-CoV-2 proteins in wastewater samples by mass spectrometry

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Lara-Jacobo ◽  
Golam Islam ◽  
Jean-Paul Desaulniers ◽  
Andrea Kirkwood ◽  
Denina Simmons
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
World Health ◽  
Biomolecule Detection ◽  
Untreated Wastewater ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Proteomics Approach ◽  
The World ◽  
Wastewater Samples ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract On March 12, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 as a global pandemic. COVID-19 is produced by a novel β-coronavirus known as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) [1]. Several studies have detected SARS-CoV-2 RNA in urine, feces, and other biofluids from both symptomatic and asymptomatic people with COVID-19 [2], suggesting that SARS-CoV-2 RNA could be detected in human wastewater [3]. Thus, wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) is now used as an approach to monitor COVID-19 prevalence in many different places around the world [4-10] . Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is the most common SARS-CoV-2 detection method in WBE, but there are other methods for viral biomolecule detection that could work as well. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of SARS-CoV-2 proteins in untreated wastewater (WW) influents collected from six wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), from Durham Region, Ontario, Canada, using a LC-MS/MS-based proteomics approach. We identified many SARS-CoV-2 proteins in these wastewater samples, with peptides from pp1ab being the most consistently detected and with consistent abundance.

Bacteriological quality of the wastewater used for irrigation at the vegetable farms in Korle-bu Teaching Hospital, Accra Metropolis, Ghana

2016 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-19
Author(s):  
George A Pesewu ◽  
Daniel Bentum ◽  
Michael A Olu-Taiwo ◽  
Kathreen K Glover ◽  
Dzidzo R Yirenya-Tawiah
Keyword(s):  
Teaching Hospital ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
World Health ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Bacterial Colony ◽  
Wastewater Samples ◽  
Health Organization

Many developing countries, including Ghana, are water stressed. As such, farmers, particularly those in urban areas, have adopted the use of wastewater for irrigation. This study evaluated the bacteriological water quality of the wastewater used for irrigation in the vegetable farms at Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital (KBTH), Accra Metropolis, Ghana. In all, 40 wastewater samples were collected and analysed bacteriologically using the total aerobic plate count method. The isolated bacteria were identified biochemically using Bergey’s manual for determinative bacteriology. Mean total bacterial colony count values in the range of 2.75–4.44 × 105 CFU/100 mL were isolated which far exceeds values of 1 × 103/100 mL recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) for unrestricted irrigation of crops likely to be eaten raw. Enterobacter cloacae (51.4%), Klebsiella sp. (24.1%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (11.3%), Salmonella typhi (10.6%), Escherichia coli (2.2%) and Proteus sp. (0.4%) were the predominant bacteria isolated. Growers should use treated wastewater for farming while processors and consumers should minimize contamination risks of produce from the vegetable farms/garden to the plate.

scholarly journals First detection of SARS-CoV-2 proteins in wastewater samples by mass spectrometry

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Lara-Jacobo ◽  
Golam Islam ◽  
Jean-Paul Desaulniers ◽  
Andrea Kirkwood ◽  
Denina Simmons
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
World Health ◽  
Biomolecule Detection ◽  
Untreated Wastewater ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Proteomics Approach ◽  
The World ◽  
Wastewater Samples ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract On March 12, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 as a global pandemic. COVID-19 is produced by a novel β-coronavirus known as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) [1]. Several studies have detected SARS-CoV-2 RNA in urine, feces, and other biofluids from both symptomatic and asymptomatic people with COVID-19 [2], suggesting that SARS-CoV-2 RNA could be detected in human wastewater [3]. Thus, wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) is now used as an approach to monitor COVID-19 prevalence in many different places around the world [4-10] . Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is the most common SARS-CoV-2 detection method in WBE, but there are other methods for viral biomolecule detection that could work as well. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of SARS-CoV-2 proteins in untreated wastewater (WW) influents collected from six wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), from Durham Region, Ontario, Canada, using a LC-MS/MS-based proteomics approach. We identified many SARS-CoV-2 proteins in these wastewater samples, with peptides from pp1ab being the most consistently detected and with consistent abundance.

scholarly journals Physico-Chemical Analysis of Wastewater Discharge from Selected Paint Industries in Lagos, Nigeria

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. 1235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tolulope Aniyikaiye ◽  
Temilola Oluseyi ◽  
John Odiyo ◽  
Joshua Edokpayi
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
World Health ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Manufacturing Companies ◽  
Oil And Grease ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Regulatory Standards ◽  
Routine Monitoring ◽  
Health Organization

Effluents from the paint industry have been a major source of environmental pollution. There is a need to investigate the compliance of wastewater discharged from paint industries with regulatory standards. In response, this study evaluates the physicochemical parameters of both raw and treated wastewater, the wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) efficiencies as well as the compliance level of five selected paint manufacturing companies in Lagos, Nigeria with some regulatory standards: Federal Ministry of Environment (FME) in Nigeria, World Health Organization (WHO) and Department of Water Affairs (DWA) in South Africa. All parameters investigated were analysed using standard methods. The values of pH, electrical conductivity (EC) and total dissolved solids (TDS) levels were in the range of 4–12.2, 149.1–881.3 mS/m and 1100–6510 mg/L, respectively. The range of other parameters include total suspended solids (TSS); 0–2470 mg/L, TS; 1920–6510 mg/L, chloride; 63.8–733.8 mg/L, dissolved oxygen (DO); 0–6.7 mg/L, oil and grease (O & G); 44–100 mg/L, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD); 162.8–974.7 mg/L, chemical oxygen demand (COD); 543–1231 mg/L, nitrates;12.89–211.2 mg/L, phosphate; below detection limit (bdl)–0.02 mg/L, sulphate; 195–1434 mg/L, nickel; bdl–1.9 mg/L while copper, lead and chromium were below detection limits. The results indicated that the WWTPs of the studied paint companies were ineffective in reducing the TS, TSS, BOD, COD and (O & G) to acceptable limits. Routine monitoring of wastewater from paint industries is therefore recommended to prevent the risk of contamination to the receiving watershed which many communities rely on as source for domestic water.

scholarly journals Molecular characterization of the waterborne pathogens Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, Enterocytozoon bieneusi, Cyclospora cayetanensis and Eimeria spp. in wastewater and sewage in Guangzhou, China

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yingying Fan ◽  
Xinrui Wang ◽  
Ruohong Yang ◽  
Wentao Zhao ◽  
Na Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Giardia Duodenalis ◽  
Enterocytozoon Bieneusi ◽  
Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment ◽  
Waterborne Pathogens ◽  
Microbial Risk Assessment ◽  
Cyclospora Cayetanensis ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Eimeria Spp ◽  
Wastewater Samples

Abstract Background The waterborne pathogens Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Cyclospora cayetanensis can cause intestinal diseases in humans. An understanding of their occurrence and transport in the environment is essential for accurate quantitative microbial risk assessment. Methods A total of 238 influent samples were collected from four wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and 88 samples from eight sewer locations in Guangzhou, China. PCR-based tools were used to detect and genetically characterize Cryptosporidium spp., G. duodenalis and E. bieneusi. Eimeria spp. and Cyclospora spp. were also analyzed to assess the sources of Cryptosporidium spp., G. duodenalis and E. bieneusi in wastewater. Results The overall occurrence rates in the WWTP and sewer samples were 14.3% (34/238) and 13.6% (12/88) for Cryptosporidium spp., 55.5% (132/238) and 33.0% (29/88) for G. duodenalis, 56.3% (134/238) and 26.1% (23/88) for E. bieneusi and 45.4% (108/238) and 47.7% (42/88) for Eimeria spp., respectively. Altogether, 11 Cryptosporidium species and genotypes, six G. duodenalis genotypes, 11 E. bieneusi genotypes and four C. cayetanensis were found, together with the presence of nine Eimeria species. The common occurrence of Cryptosporidium rat genotype IV, C. muris and Eimeria papillata and E. nieschulzi suggested that rodents were significant sources of the enteric pathogens detected in the wastewater samples. Conclusions While the dominant Cryptosporidium spp. detected in the raw wastewater sampled in this study are not pathogenic to humans, the widely detected G. duodenalis assemblage A and E. bieneusi genotypes D and Type IV are well-known zoonotic pathogens. Further studies are needed to monitor the occurrence of these waterborne pathogens in WWTPs to better understand their transmission and environmental transport in China.

scholarly journals First detection of SARS-CoV-2 proteins in wastewater samples by mass spectrometry

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Lara-Jacobo ◽  
Golam Islam ◽  
Jean-Paul Desaulniers ◽  
Andrea Kirkwood ◽  
Denina Simmons
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
World Health ◽  
Biomolecule Detection ◽  
Untreated Wastewater ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Proteomics Approach ◽  
The World ◽  
Wastewater Samples ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract On March 12, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 as a global pandemic. COVID-19 is produced by a novel β-coronavirus known as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) [1]. Several studies have detected SARS-CoV-2 RNA in urine, feces, and other biofluids from both symptomatic and asymptomatic people with COVID-19 [2], suggesting that SARS-CoV-2 RNA could be detected in human wastewater [3]. Thus, wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) is now used as an approach to monitor COVID-19 prevalence in many different places around the world [4-10]. Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is the most common SARS-CoV-2 detection method in WBE, but there are other methods for viral biomolecule detection that could work as well. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of SARS-CoV-2 proteins in untreated wastewater (WW) influents collected from six wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), from Durham Region, Ontario, Canada, using a LC-MS/MS-based proteomics approach. We identified many SARS-CoV-2 proteins in these wastewater samples, with peptides from pp1ab being the most consistently detected and with consistent abundance.

scholarly journals First detection of SARS-CoV-2 proteins in wastewater samples by mass spectrometry

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Lara-Jacobo ◽  
Golam Islam ◽  
Jean-Paul Desaulniers ◽  
Andrea Kirkwood ◽  
Denina Simmons
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
World Health ◽  
Biomolecule Detection ◽  
Untreated Wastewater ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Proteomics Approach ◽  
The World ◽  
Wastewater Samples ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract On March 12, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 as a global pandemic. COVID-19 is produced by a novel β-coronavirus known as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) [1]. Several studies have detected SARS-CoV-2 RNA in urine, feces, and other biofluids from both symptomatic and asymptomatic people with COVID-19 [2], suggesting that SARS-CoV-2 RNA could be detected in human wastewater [3]. Thus, wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) is now used as an approach to monitor COVID-19 prevalence in many different places around the world [4-10]. Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is the most common SARS-CoV-2 detection method in WBE, but there are other methods for viral biomolecule detection that could work as well. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of SARS-CoV-2 proteins in untreated wastewater (WW) influents collected from six wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), from Durham Region, Ontario, Canada, using a LC-MS/MS-based proteomics approach. We identified many SARS-CoV-2 proteins in these wastewater samples, with peptides from pp1ab being the most consistently detected and with consistent abundance.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 has been circulating in northern Italy since December 2019: evidence from environmental monitoring

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppina La Rosa ◽  
Pamela Mancini ◽  
Giusy Bonanno Ferraro ◽  
Carolina Veneri ◽  
Marcello Iaconelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Warning System ◽  
Northern Italy ◽  
Public Health Emergency ◽  
World Health ◽  
Environmental Surveillance ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Italian Case ◽  
Wastewater Samples ◽  
Health Organization

ABSTRACTSevere Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the coronavirus disease COVID-19, a public health emergency worldwide, and Italy is among the world’s first and most severely affected countries. The first autochthonous Italian case of COVID-19 was documented on February 21. We investigated the possibility that SARS-CoV-2 emerged in Italy earlier than that date, by analysing 40 composite influent wastewater samples collected - in the framework of other wastewater-based epidemiology projects - between October 2019 and February 2020 from five wastewater treatment plants (WTPs) in three cities and regions in northern Italy (Milan/Lombardy, Turin/Piedmont and Bologna/Emilia Romagna). Twenty-four additional samples collected in the same WTPs between September 2018 and June 2019 were included as blank samples. Viral concentration was performed according to the standard World Health Organization procedure for poliovirus sewage surveillance. Molecular analysis was undertaken with both nested RT-PCR and real-rime RT-PCR assays. A total of 15 positive samples were confirmed by both methods. Of these, 8 were collected before the first autochthonous Italian case. The earliest dates back to 18 December 2019 in Milan and Turin and 29 January 2020 in Bologna. Samples collected in January and February in the three cities were also positive.Our results demonstrate that SARS-CoV-2 was already circulating in northern Italy at the end of 2019. Moreover, it was circulating in different geographic regions simultaneously, which changes our previous understanding of the geographical circulation of the virus in Italy. Our study highlights once again the importance of environmental surveillance as an early warning system, to monitor the levels of virus circulating in the population and identify outbreaks even before cases are notified to the healthcare system.

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