LLNL Experimental Test Site (Site 300) Potable Water System Operations Plan

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. Ocampo ◽  
W. Bellah
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Test ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Water System ◽  
Test Site

scholarly journals Legionnaires' Disease Outbreak at a Resort in Cozumel, Mexico

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee M. Hampton ◽  
Laurel Garrison ◽  
Jessica Kattan ◽  
Ellen Brown ◽  
Natalia A. Kozak-Muiznieks ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Water System ◽  
Disease Outbreak ◽  
Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
Health Departments ◽  
Medical Providers ◽  
Cozumel Island ◽  
European Working ◽  
Legionnaires Disease

Abstract Background.  A Legionnaires' disease (LD) outbreak at a resort on Cozumel Island in Mexico was investigated by a joint Mexico-United States team in 2010. This is the first reported LD outbreak in Mexico, where LD is not a reportable disease. Methods.  Reports of LD among travelers were solicited from US health departments and the European Working Group for Legionella Infections. Records from the resort and Cozumel Island health facilities were searched for possible LD cases. In April 2010, the resort was searched for possible Legionella exposure sources. The temperature and total chlorine of the water at 38 sites in the resort were measured, and samples from those sites were tested for Legionella. Results.  Nine travelers became ill with laboratory-confirmed LD within 2 weeks of staying at the resort between May 2008 and April 2010. The resort and its potable water system were the only common exposures. No possible LD cases were identified among resort workers. Legionellae were found to have extensively colonized the resort's potable water system. Legionellae matching a case isolate were found in the resort's potable water system. Conclusions.  Medical providers should test for LD when treating community-acquired pneumonia that is severe or affecting patients who traveled in the 2 weeks before the onset of symptoms. When an LD outbreak is detected, the source should be identified and then aggressively remediated. Because LD can occur in tropical and temperate areas, all countries should consider making LD a reportable disease if they have not already done so.

scholarly journals Human Health Impact of Cross-Connections in Non-Potable Reuse Systems

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Schoen ◽  
Michael Jahne ◽  
Jay Garland
Keyword(s):  
Potable Water ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
Water System ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment ◽  
Pathogen Inactivation ◽  
Microbial Infection ◽  
Microbial Risk Assessment ◽  
Potable Reuse ◽  
Contamination Event

We used quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) to estimate the microbial risks from two contamination pathways in onsite non-potable water systems (ONWS): contamination of potable water by (treated) reclaimed, non-potable water and contamination of reclaimed, non-potable water by wastewater or greywater. A range of system sizes, event durations, fraction of users exposed, and intrusion dilutions were considered (chlorine residual disinfection was not included). The predicted annual microbial infection risk from domestic, non-potable reuse remained below the selected benchmark given isolated, short-duration intrusion (i.e., 5-day) events of reclaimed water in potable water. Whereas, intrusions of wastewater into reclaimed, non-potable water resulted in unacceptable annual risk without large dilutions or pathogen inactivation. We predicted that 1 user out of 10,000 could be exposed to a 5-day contamination event of undiluted wastewater in the reclaimed, non-potable water system each year to meet the annual benchmark risk of 10−4 infections per person per year; whereas, 1 user out of 1000 could be exposed to a 5-day contamination event of undiluted reclaimed water in the potable water each year. Overall, the predicted annual risks support the use of previously derived non-potable reuse treatment requirements for a variety of ONWS sizes and support the prioritization of protective measures to prevent the intrusion of wastewater into domestic ONWS.

scholarly journals Lessons From an Outbreak of Legionnaires’ Disease on a Hematology-Oncology Unit

2016 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 306-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise K. Francois Watkins ◽  
Karrie-Ann E. Toews ◽  
Aaron M. Harris ◽  
Sherri Davidson ◽  
Stephanie Ayers-Millsap ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Legionella Pneumophila ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Single Case ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Water System ◽  
Positive Sequence ◽  
Environmental Isolates ◽  
Legionnaires Disease ◽  
Oncology Unit ◽  
Healthcare Associated

OBJECTIVESTo define the scope of an outbreak of Legionnaires’ disease (LD), to identify the source, and to stop transmission.DESIGN AND SETTINGEpidemiologic investigation of an LD outbreak among patients and a visitor exposed to a newly constructed hematology-oncology unit.METHODSAn LD case was defined as radiographically confirmed pneumonia in a person with positive urinary antigen testing and/or respiratory culture forLegionellaand exposure to the hematology-oncology unit after February 20, 2014. Cases were classified as definitely or probably healthcare-associated based on whether they were exposed to the unit for all or part of the incubation period (2–10 days). We conducted an environmental assessment and collected water samples for culture. Clinical and environmental isolates were compared by monoclonal antibody (MAb) and sequence-based typing.RESULTSOver a 12-week period, 10 cases were identified, including 6 definite and 4 probable cases. Environmental sampling revealedLegionella pneumophilaserogroup 1 (Lp1) in the potable water at 9 of 10 unit sites (90%), including all patient rooms tested. The 3 clinical isolates were identical to environmental isolates from the unit (MAb2-positive, sequence type ST36). No cases occurred with exposure after the implementation of water restrictions followed by point-of-use filters.CONCLUSIONSContamination of the unit’s potable water system with Lp1 strain ST36 was the likely source of this outbreak. Healthcare providers should routinely test patients who develop pneumonia at least 2 days after hospital admission for LD. A single case of LD that is definitely healthcare associated should prompt a full investigation.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol2017;38:306–313

Interactions Between Biotic and Abiotic Factors and Viruses in a Water System

1985 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 139-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Walter ◽  
J. Dürkop ◽  
B. Friedman ◽  
H. J. Dobberkau
Keyword(s):  
River Water ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Water System ◽  
Industrial Effluents ◽  
Virus Content ◽  
Sampling Points ◽  
Distributed Sampling

A river intensively used along its entire course for extracting potable water and for discharging domestic and industrial effluents permanently carries a high load of viruses, including hepatitis A and rotaviruses. In the areas supplied with potable water from this river hepatitis A is endemic. The river has been investigated four times at 16 or more sampling points throughout its course in the years 1981, 1982 and 1983. Coincident with the virological investigation, biological, microbiological and chemical examinations were conducted with the same water sample. At some representatively distributed sampling points along the river course, tests for heavy metals (Cd, Ni, Cu, Cr, Pb) and selected chemical compounds were also performed. The virological quality of the river water largely depends on the virus input via domestic sewage. Statistically significant correlations have been found between virus level, pH, NH4+ and NO3−. Amoebae species are likely to counteract viruses. Knowing the dynamics of river water exploitation above the extraction sites, a model for the estimation of virus content in the raw water could be developed.

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