Interactions Between Biotic and Abiotic Factors and Viruses in a Water System

1985 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 139-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Walter ◽  
J. Dürkop ◽  
B. Friedman ◽  
H. J. Dobberkau
Keyword(s):  
River Water ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Water System ◽  
Industrial Effluents ◽  
Virus Content ◽  
Sampling Points ◽  
Distributed Sampling

A river intensively used along its entire course for extracting potable water and for discharging domestic and industrial effluents permanently carries a high load of viruses, including hepatitis A and rotaviruses. In the areas supplied with potable water from this river hepatitis A is endemic. The river has been investigated four times at 16 or more sampling points throughout its course in the years 1981, 1982 and 1983. Coincident with the virological investigation, biological, microbiological and chemical examinations were conducted with the same water sample. At some representatively distributed sampling points along the river course, tests for heavy metals (Cd, Ni, Cu, Cr, Pb) and selected chemical compounds were also performed. The virological quality of the river water largely depends on the virus input via domestic sewage. Statistically significant correlations have been found between virus level, pH, NH4+ and NO3−. Amoebae species are likely to counteract viruses. Knowing the dynamics of river water exploitation above the extraction sites, a model for the estimation of virus content in the raw water could be developed.

scholarly journals Studi proses koagulasi air baku untuk air bersih di wilayah bencana pasca tsunami kabupaten aceh besar

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 12
Author(s):  
Ignasius D.A. Sutapa
Keyword(s):  
River Water ◽  
Aluminum Sulfate ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Sampling Interval ◽  
Optimum Dose ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Tsunami Disaster ◽  
Jar Test ◽  
Sedimentation Time

Study on raw water coagulation process for potable water production in the post-tsunami disaster areas district aceh besarThe coagulation – flocculation process in potable water treatment is very important to be studied in greater detail, since it has a very major impact on subsequent water purification processes and the quality of the water product. Types of coagulant that are commonly used are aluminum sulfate (alum) and poly-aluminum chloride (PAC). The objective of this research was to determine the optimum coagulant type and concentration to be applied for the treatment of surface water in post-tsunami disaster areas. This research is urgently required to design clean water installation in such area. Jar test of coagulants was performed to measure the efficiency of coagulation and sampling interval. From the obtained results, it can be concluded that the raw water turbidity influences the sedimentation time. At turbidity below 15 NTU, the optimum sedimentation time was 5 minutes. At turbidities above 15 NTU, the sedimentation was quicker, namely 1 minute. Based on jar test results on Krueng Raya river water, it can be observed that this river water can be treated with aluminum sulfate coagulant at 20 ppm dose. When PAC coagulant was used, the optimum dose was 15 ppm.Keyword: coagulant, efficiency, coagulation, water quality.AbstrakProses koagulasi flokulasi dalam pengolahan air minum sangat penting untuk ditinjau lebih jauh karena mempunyai pengaruh yang sangat besar terhadap proses purifikasi air berikutnya dan kualitas air produksi. Jenis koagulan yang sering dipakai adalah alumunium sulfat (alum) dan poly alumunium chloride (PAC). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menentukan tipe dan konsentrasi optimal koagulan yang diaplikasikan pada air baku berupa air permukaan di wilayah bencana pasca tsunami. Hal ini sangat diperlukan untuk membuat perencanaan rancangan instalasi pengolahan air bersih di wilayah tersebut. Jar test koagulan dilakukan untuk menentukan efisiensi koagulasi dan waktu sampling. Dari hasil penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan kekeruhan air baku mempengaruhi waktu sedimentasi. Pada kekeruhan di bawah 15 Nephelometric Turbidity Unit (NTU), waktu optimum sedimentasi adalah lima menit, tetapi pada air baku yang kekeruhannya di atas 15 NTU, waktu sedimentasi lebih cepat yaitu satu menit saja. Dari hasil jar tes yang dilakukan terhadap air di sungai Krueng Raya dapat dilihat bahwa air sungai Krueng Raya dapat diolah dengan bahan koagulan aluminium sulfat pada dosis 20 ppm, sedangkan jika menggunakan bahan koagulan PAC memerlukan dosis optimal 15 ppm.Kata kunci : koagulan, efisiensi, koagulasi, kualitas air

scholarly journals A Review on pH, DO and BOD of the Sitalakhya River during Last Four Decades

2021 ◽  
pp. 25-42
Author(s):  
Monjur Morshed ◽  
Muzaffer Hosen ◽  
Md. Asaduzzaman
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
River Water ◽  
Industrial Effluent ◽  
Industrial Effluents ◽  
River Water Quality ◽  
Quality Analysis ◽  
Oil Spillage ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Day By Day

As a developing country, industrialization is rapidly growing up in Bangladesh. Most of the cases, the industrialization process don’t considering any impact on environmental body. In this study, the impact of unplanned industrialization on the surface water is the main focus. In between several resources, the water quality of the Sitalakhya River is our study area. Quality of the Sitalakhya River water is getting polluted day by day through industrial effluents and household wastewater, lube oil and oil spillage around the operation of river ports. The Sitalakhya river water quality analysis is considered between 1975 to 2018, qualitative and quantitative results for pH, DO and BOD were analyzed and also trends of these parameters were also analyzed. Day by day river water quality going far away from EQS value, which is significantly harmful to flora fauna. In this circumstance, industrial effluent and other environmental impacts from unplanned industrialization is main goal of this study. This study shows, how unplanned industrialization can damage an environmental system which is very harmful to our entire ecological cycle. If cannot control this unplanned industrialization, water body will damage and all related ecosystem will be effected.

scholarly journals Heavy Metal Pollution and Chemical Profile of Cauvery River Water

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abida Begum ◽  
M. Ramaiah ◽  
Harikrishna ◽  
Irfanulla Khan ◽  
K. Veena
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
River Water ◽  
Metal Concentration ◽  
Industrial Effluents ◽  
Heavy Metal Concentration ◽  
Cauvery River ◽  
Fish Muscles ◽  
High Carbonate ◽  
Cr Concentration

Analysis of water, plankton, fish and sediment reveals that the Cauvery River water in the downstream is contaminated by certain heavy metals. Water samples have high carbonate hardness. Concentrations of all elements and ions increase in the downstream. Main ions are in the following order: Na > HCO3>Mg > K > Ca> Cl > SO4. Heavy metal concentration in water was Cr >Cu ≈ Mn > Co > Ni > Pb > Zn, in fish muscles Cr > Mn > Cu > Ni > Co > Pb ≈ Zn, in phytoplanktens Co > Zn > Pb > Mn > Cr and in the sediments the heavy metal concentration was Co > Cr > Ni ≈ Cu > Mn > Zn > Pb. Although, the quality of Cauvery River may be classified as very good based on the salt and sodium for irrigation, Zn, Pb and Cr concentration exceeded the upper limit of standards. Metal concentrations in the downstream indicate an increase in the pollution load due to movement of fertilizers, agricultural ashes, industrial effluents and anthropogenic wastes. An immediate attention from the concerned authorities is required in order to protect the river from further pollution.

scholarly journals Bacteriological quality of potable water sources supplying Morogoro municipality and its outskirts: a case study in Tanzania.

1991 ◽  
Vol 107 (3) ◽  
pp. 479-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. F. H. Jiwa ◽  
J. K. Mugula ◽  
M. J. Msangi
Keyword(s):  
River Water ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Faecal Coliforms ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Bacteriological Quality

Bacteriological quality of potable water supplying Morogoro municipality and its outskirts (population 135000 people) was assessed by the determination of the most probable number (MPN) of faecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, faecal streptococci andClostridium perfringensfor a period of 6 months. River water and chlorinated pipeborne water were found contaminated with microorganisms in the order of 3·8 x 101to 4·95 x 103; 3·2 x 101to 4·5 x 103; 101to 6·4 x 101and 1·2 x 101to 2·5 x 102/100 ml of water respectively. Injured coliforms in treated water averaged 87 %. Pollution of river water by organic matter was much above acceptable standard. These findings indicate that there is a need for further treatment of water before consumption in order to avoid potential health hazards.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Water Quality Index of River Musa for Drinking Purpose in Bida, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-61
Author(s):  
Abubakar Y. ◽  
Abdulrahman N.
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
River Water ◽  
Water Quality Index ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
Industrial Effluents ◽  
Need To Evaluate ◽  
Canadian Council ◽  
Indiscriminate Disposal ◽  
Drinking Purpose

River Musa in Bida, Nigeria is of great importance to the people of the town and its environs. Due to the indiscriminate disposal of domestic and industrial effluents into the river, there is a need to evaluate the river water quality for drinking purpose. The objective of this study was to evaluate some selected physicochemical parameters (Total dissolved solids (TDS), pH, ammonia (NH4), Sodium, Calcium, Magnesium and four heavy metals ( Fe, Pb, Cu and Mn)) of water from River Musa to reveal the detailed water quality of the river for its suitability for drinking purpose. To achieve this objective, the Canadian Council Water Quality index (CCWQI) was applied to the analytical results of the selected parameters to obtain a single value that was used to rank the river at each of the sampling locations. The annualaverage water quality indexes (for both rainy and dry season) at five locations are (40.9, 42, 40, 39.1 and 37.5). The results showed that the water quality of the entire river is poor (39.9) and the river water is not suitable for drinking purposes.

scholarly journals Water Stagnation and Flow Obstruction Reduces the Quality of Potable Water and Increases the Risk of Legionelloses

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Atif Nisar ◽  
Kirstin E. Ross ◽  
Melissa H. Brown ◽  
Richard Bentham ◽  
Harriet Whiley
Keyword(s):  
Potable Water ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Water System ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Water Safety ◽  
Stagnation Points ◽  
Plumbing Systems ◽  
The Impact

Legionella is an opportunistic waterborne pathogen associated with Legionnaires' disease and Pontiac fever. Despite improved public awareness, the incidence of Legionella associated infections has been increasing. Aerosols generated from engineered potable water systems are a demonstrated cause of both nosocomial and community-acquired legionellosis. The ecology of Legionella in these systems is complex with multiple factors impacting their colonization and persistence. Flow dynamics has been identified as an important factor and stagnation in cooling towers is an accepted risk for increased Legionella growth; however, less is known about the impact of flow dynamic on Legionella in potable water systems. This is especially complex due to the inherent intermittent and variable usage observed within outlets of a potable water system. This systematic literature review examines the role of fluid dynamics and stagnation on the colonization and growth of Legionella in potable water systems. Twenty two of 24 identified studies show a positive association between stagnation zones and increased colonization of Legionella. These zones included dead legs, dead ends, storage tanks, and obstructed water flow (such as intermittent usage or flow restriction). Prolonged stagnation in building plumbing systems also deteriorates the quality of thermally or chemically treated potable water. This stimulates the colonization of Legionella established biofilms. Such biofilms are intrinsically resistant to disinfection procedures and accelerate the rate of decay of chemical disinfectants. Sub-lethal doses of disinfectants and the presence of protozoan hosts in stationary water promote generation of viable but non-culturable Legionella cells. This results in false negatives in surveillance methods that use culture methodology. In conclusion, elimination of temporal and permanent stagnation points can improve the quality of potable water, efficacy of disinfectants, and reduce the risk of legionellosis. Current guidelines and water safety plans recognize the risks associated with permanent stagnation point (dead ends and dead legs); however, there is a need for greater emphasis on controlling temporal stagnation arising from intermittent usage.

scholarly journals Developing Water Quality Index to Assess the Quality of the Drinking Water

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (10) ◽  
pp. 2345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahad Esmaeel Mohammed ◽  
Khalid Adel Abdulrazzaq
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
River Water ◽  
Water Quality Index ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
Industrial Effluents ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Water Quality Parameters ◽  
Euphrates River

In the present study, an attempt has been to develop a new water quality index (WQI) method that depends on the Iraqi specifications for drinking water (IQS 417, 2009)  to assess the validity of the Euphrates River for drinking by classifying the quality of the river water at different stations along its entire reach inside the Iraqi lands. The proposed classifications by this method are: Excellent, Good, Acceptable, Poor, and Very poor. Eight water quality parameters have been selected to represent the quality of the river water these are: Ion Hydrogen Concentration (pH), Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Sodium (Na), Chloride (Cl), Sulphate (SO_4), Nitrate (NO_3), and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS). The variation of the water quality parameters along the river have been represented by graphs using Excel.2013 software. The results revealed that the quality of the Euphrates River ranges from “Good” to “Poor”, it enters the Iraqi borders with “Good” water quality and gradually its quality begins to decrease after it receives pollution from many sources such as domestic sewage and different industrial effluents until its quality becomes “Poor” according to the proposed classification. Finally the proposed WQI can be used as a tool to assess the quality of the river with both place and time.

scholarly journals Methodical Assessment of River Periyar to Encounter Water Parameter Variation

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3.12) ◽  
pp. 1056
Author(s):  
J V MurugaLal Jeyan ◽  
Akhila Rupesh
Keyword(s):  
Water Pollution ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Quality Assessment ◽  
Natural Resource ◽  
Industrial Effluents ◽  
Water Quality Assessment ◽  
Parameter Variation ◽  
Know How ◽  
Sampling Points

Water resource, being the most precious natural resource is getting depleted in the recent times in a drastic manner as ever before. The river water bodies, due to the discharge of industrial effluents and other wastes, is becoming more and more polluted, severely degrading its quality of usage. Recent studies have shown the serious need of Water quality assessment to know how far the resource is being polluted. The paper is on a survey work carried across the river Periyar at different sampling points to determine and analyzethe water pollution trends.

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