Kisspeptin and its Effect on Mammalian Spermatogensis

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao Feng ◽  
Jia H. Bai ◽  
Xiao L. Xu ◽  
Yan Liu
Keyword(s):  
Keyword Search ◽  
Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
Male Reproduction ◽  
Pharmacological Targets ◽  
Puberty Onset ◽  
Sperm Functions

Background: Kisspeptin and its receptor, GPR54, are regarded as key regulators of and catalysts for male puberty onset, and also fundamental gatekeepers of spermatogenesis in mammals. Consequently, the loss function of kisspeptin or GPR54 leads to a symptom of Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism (HH) in human and HH accompanied by lower gonadotrophic hormone levels, smaller testes, impaired spermatogenesis and abnormal sexual maturation in mice. Besides its well-recognized functions in hypothalamus before and during puberty, accumulating data strongly support kisspeptin production in testis, and participation in somatic and germ cell development and sperm functions as well. This review aims to summarize recent findings regarding kisspeptin activity in the testes and sperm function. Methods: We undertook a keyword search of peer-reviewed research literature including data from in vivo and in vitro studies in humans and genetically modified animal models to identify the roles of kisspeptins in male reproduction. Results: A plethora of studies detail the role of kisspeptins and GPR54 in mammalian spermatogenesis in vivo and in vitro. This review identified recent findings regarding the kisspeptin system in male gonads, and regulation of kisspeptin in testicular physiology and male reproductive defects and disorders. Conclusion: The findings of this review confirm the importance role of kisspeptins in male fertility. Understanding their biphasic roles in testis may help to consider kisspeptins as potential pharmacological targets for treating human infertility.

Kefir: A synbiotic with approved anticarcinogenic properties

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wissam Zam ◽  
Sally Shahoud ◽  
Mansour Hayek ◽  
Alaa Saad
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Prevention ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
Bibliographic Databases ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Prevention Of Cancer

Background:: As by WHO report, cancer is the second leading cause of death globally, and approximately 70% of deaths from cancer occur in low- and middle-income countries. From this point more attention has been given to the role of nutrition in the prevention of cancer development. Methods:: We undertook a structured search of bibliographic databases for peer-reviewed research literature dealing with the role of kefir in cancer prevention and treatment. Results:: Probiotics are one of the most important food fortifications which are proved to have anti-carcinogenic properties. Probiotics can directly bind to carcinogens and alter the production of enzymes by modifying intestinal environment. Kefir, originating from the Balkan–Caucasian region, is a synbiotic composed of a wide number microflora and exopolysaccharides with approved in vitro and in vivo biological activities. Kefir plays a great potential role in cancer prevention and treatment interfering with apoptosis, proliferation and transformation. Conclusion:: This review highlights the important role of probiotics, exopolysaccharides and common kefir in preventing different types of cancer including colon cancer, sarcoma, breast cancer, lung cancer, leukemia, gastric cancer and melanoma.

scholarly journals A Systematic Review on the Role of SIRT1 in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1380
Author(s):  
Elisa Domi ◽  
Malvina Hoxha ◽  
Emanuela Prendi ◽  
Bruno Zappacosta
Keyword(s):  
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy ◽  
Muscular Dystrophy ◽  
Respiratory Muscles ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Pharmacological Targets ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a muscular disease characterized by progressive muscle degeneration. Life expectancy is between 30 and 50 years, and death is correlated with cardiac or respiratory complications. Currently, there is no cure, so there is a great interest in new pharmacological targets. Sirtuin1 (SIRT1) seems to be a potential target for DMD. In muscle tissue, SIRT1 exerts anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. The aim of this study is to summarize all the findings of in vivo and in vitro literature studies about the potential role of SIRT1 in DMD. A systematic literature search was performed according to PRISMA guidelines. Twenty-three articles satisfied the eligibility criteria. It emerged that SIRT1 inhibition led to muscle fragility, while conversely its activation improved muscle function. Additionally, resveratrol, a SIRT1 activator, has brought beneficial effects to the skeletal, cardiac and respiratory muscles by exerting anti-inflammatory activity that leads to reduced myofiber wasting.

scholarly journals Oxidative Stress in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Perspectives

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ailton Melo ◽  
Larissa Monteiro ◽  
Rute M. F. Lima ◽  
Diêgo M. de Oliveira ◽  
Martins D. de Cerqueira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Ros Generation ◽  
Pharmacological Targets ◽  
Testing Potential ◽  
Neuroprotective Therapies

The incidence and prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases (ND) increase with life expectancy. This paper reviews the role of oxidative stress (OS) in ND and pharmacological attempts to fight against reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced neurodegeneration. Several mechanisms involved in ROS generation in neurodegeneration have been proposed. Recent articles about molecular pathways involved in ROS generation were reviewed. The progress in the development of neuroprotective therapies has been hampered because it is difficult to define targets for treatment and determine what should be considered as neuroprotective. Therefore, the attention was focused on researches about pharmacological targets that could protect neurons against OS. Since it is necessary to look for genes as the ultimate controllers of all biological processes, this paper also tried to identify gerontogenes involved in OS and neurodegeneration. Since neurons depend on glial cells to survive, recent articles about the functioning of these cells in aging and ND were also reviewed. Finally, clinical trials testing potential neuroprotective agents were critically reviewed. Although several potential drugs have been screened inin vitroandin vivomodels of ND, these results were not translated in benefit of patients, and disappointing results were obtained in the majority of clinical trials.

scholarly journals Prospects for the Use of NF-кb Inhibitors to Stimulate the Functions of Regeneration-Competent Cells of Nerve Tissue and Neuroregeneration in Ethanol-Induced Neurodegeneration

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 8065-8074
Keyword(s):  
Intracellular Signaling ◽  
Alcohol Intoxication ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Nerve Tissue ◽  
Competent Cells ◽  
Pharmacological Targets ◽  
Intracellular Signaling Molecules

The implementation of the concept of drug therapy of neurological disorders in chronic alcohol intoxication is, in some cases, unsuccessful. Promising is the search for new pharmacological targets among the intracellular signaling molecules of regenerating-competent cells. In the conditions of in vitro and in vivo modeling of ethanol-induced neurodegeneration, the role of NF-кВ in the realization of the growth potential of neural progenitors and the secretion of neurotrophins by glial elements was studied. The absence of participation of NF-кВ in the regulation of mitotic activity of neural SC (NSC) and of neuronal-committed progenitors (NCP) in their optimal living conditions and in the influence of ethanol in vitro is shown. At the same time, NF-кВ hinders the implementation of the NSC specialization process. The prolonged introduction of ethanol per os mice was accompanied by the appearance of an inhibitory value in NF-кВ in relation to the intensity of progenitors proliferation. The blockade of NF-кВ of NSC and NCP animals with neurodegeneration caused the progression of their cell cycle. The participation of NF-кВ in the secretory function of astrocytes and oligodendrogliocytes has been established. The inactivation of the nuclear transcription factor led to a decrease in their production of neurotrophins, including in the case of ethanol. At the same time, there were no changes from the microglia functioning.

The Role of Polyphenols in the Modulation of Plasma Non-Enzymatic Antioxidant Capacity (NEAC)

2012 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 228-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauro Serafini ◽  
Giuseppa Morabito
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
The Body ◽  
Dietary Polyphenols ◽  
Enzymatic Antioxidant ◽  
Endogenous Antioxidant

Dietary polyphenols have been shown to scavenge free radicals, modulating cellular redox transcription factors in different in vitro and ex vivo models. Dietary intervention studies have shown that consumption of plant foods modulates plasma Non-Enzymatic Antioxidant Capacity (NEAC), a biomarker of the endogenous antioxidant network, in human subjects. However, the identification of the molecules responsible for this effect are yet to be obtained and evidences of an antioxidant in vivo action of polyphenols are conflicting. There is a clear discrepancy between polyphenols (PP) concentration in body fluids and the extent of increase of plasma NEAC. The low degree of absorption and the extensive metabolism of PP within the body have raised questions about their contribution to the endogenous antioxidant network. This work will discuss the role of polyphenols from galenic preparation, food extracts, and selected dietary sources as modulators of plasma NEAC in humans.

Anti-obesity role of Aster glehni extract: in vivo and in vitro effects

Planta Medica ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 78 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
HM Lee ◽  
TG Ahn ◽  
CW Kim ◽  
HJ An
Keyword(s):  
In Vitro Effects

A Molecular Approach to Immunoscintigraphy: A Study of the T-Antigen Conformation on the Surface of Tumors

1987 ◽  
Vol 26 (01) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Selvaraj ◽  
M. R. Suresh ◽  
G. McLean ◽  
D. Willans ◽  
C. Turner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Tumor Cell ◽  
T Antigen ◽  
Human Carcinomas ◽  
Animal Tumor ◽  
Synthetic Antigens

The role of glycoconjugates in tumor cell differentiation has been well documented. We have examined the expression of the two anomers of the Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen on the surface of human, canine and murine tumor cell membranes both in vitro and in vivo. This has been accomplished through the synthesis of the disaccharide terminal residues in both a and ß configuration. Both entities were used to generate murine monoclonal antibodies which recognized the carbohydrate determinants. The determination of fine specificities of these antibodies was effected by means of cellular uptake, immunohistopathology and immunoscintigraphy. Examination of pathological specimens of human and canine tumor tissue indicated that the expressed antigen was in the β configuration. More than 89% of all human carcinomas tested expressed the antigen in the above anomeric form. The combination of synthetic antigens and monoclonal antibodies raised specifically against them provide us with invaluable tools for the study of tumor marker expression in humans and their respective animal tumor models.

THYROID STIMULATORS AND THYROID STIMULATION

1971 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 558-576 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald Burke
Keyword(s):  
Regulatory System ◽  
Control Site ◽  
Thyroid Cell ◽  
Primary Control ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Site Of Action ◽  
Long Acting

ABSTRACT A long-acting thyroid stimulator (LATS), distinct from pituitary thyrotrophin (TSH), is found in the serum of some patients with Graves' disease. Despite the marked physico-chemical and immunologic differences between the two stimulators, both in vivo and in vitro studies indicate that LATS and TSH act on the same thyroidal site(s) and that such stimulation does not require penetration of the thyroid cell. Although resorption of colloid and secretion of thyroid hormone are early responses to both TSH and LATS, available evidence reveals no basic metabolic pathway which must be activated by these hormones in order for iodination reactions to occur. Cyclic 3′, 5′-AMP appears to mediate TSH and LATS effects on iodination reactions but the role of this compound in activating thyroidal intermediary metabolism is less clear. Based on the evidence reviewed herein, it is suggested that the primary site of action of thyroid stimulators is at the cell membrane and that beyond the(se) primary control site(s), there exists a multifaceted regulatory system for thyroid hormonogenesis and cell growth.

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