Nucleic Acid-Based Vaccines Platform Against Covid-19 Pandemic

Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has affected millions of people globally, in this regard, known as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). There is sufficient scientific evidence that a preventive COVID-19 vaccine is the most effective approach to combat with COVID-19 pandemic, therefore there is an essential need for safe and protective vaccines to fight it. Methods: Global efforts in developing a vaccine against COVID-19 have resulted in the development of different vaccine platforms with various safety and efficacy including live-attenuated vaccines, inactivated vaccines, subunit vaccines, and nucleic acid-based vaccines against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Nucleic acid-based vaccines consist of mRNA and DNA vaccines have shown promising results in stimulating cellular and humoral immune responses properly against COVID-19, which their rapid and easy manufacturing process compared to others have made them considerable. mRNA-based vaccines platform by Pfizer/BioNtech and Moderna companies are the first approved vaccines for emergency use against COVID-19. Results: This narrative review highlights the recent advances in developing nucleic acid-based vaccines for COVID-19. Conclusion: The fast global dissemination of the coronavirus has highlighted the urgent necessity to build an efficient vaccine to inhibit disease. Cooperative attempts throughout the world have paid to the fast and unprecedented production of vaccines. Much needs to be learned regarding SARSCoV-2 and vaccine development against it.

The 2016 Vaccine Development Pipeline: A special issue from the World Health Organization Product Development for Vaccine Advisory Committee (PDVAC)

Vaccine ◽

10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.04.041 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 34 (26) ◽

pp. 2863-2864 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Birgitte K. Giersing ◽

Kayvon Modjarrad ◽

David C. Kaslow ◽

Jean-Marie Okwo-Bele ◽

Vasee S. Moorthy

Keyword(s):

Product Development ◽

Advisory Committee ◽

Vaccine Development ◽

World Health ◽

Special Issue ◽

The World ◽

Development Pipeline ◽

An Uncertain Risk: The World Health Organization's Account of H1N1

Science in Context ◽

10.1017/s0269889714000167 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 27 (3) ◽

pp. 511-529 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Sudeepa Abeysinghe

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Influenza Pandemic ◽

Scientific Evidence ◽

H1n1 Influenza ◽

World Health ◽

Scientific Uncertainty ◽

Global Public Health ◽

The World ◽

Public Risk ◽

ArgumentScientific uncertainty is fundamental to the management of contemporary global risks. In 2009, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the start of the H1N1 Influenza Pandemic. This declaration signified the risk posed by the spread of the H1N1 virus, and in turn precipitated a range of actions by global public health actors. This article analyzes the WHO's public representation of risk and examines the centrality of scientific uncertainty in the case of H1N1. It argues that the WHO's risk narrative reflected the context of scientific uncertainty in which it was working. The WHO argued that it was attempting to remain faithful to the scientific evidence, and the uncertain nature of the threat. However, as a result, the WHO's public risk narrative was neither consistent nor socially robust, leading to the eventual contestation of the WHO's position by other global public health actors, most notably the Council of Europe. This illustrates both the significance of scientific uncertainty in the investigation of risk, and the difficulty for risk managing institutions in effectively acting in the face of this uncertainty.

Scientific Certainty in a Time of Uncertainty: Predicting Vulnerability of Canada's First Nations to Pandemic H1N1/09

International Indigenous Policy Journal ◽

10.18584/iipj.2010.1.1.1 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Nicholas Spence ◽

Jerry P. White

Keyword(s):

First Nations ◽

Influenza Pandemic ◽

Scientific Evidence ◽

Indigenous Populations ◽

World Health ◽

Director General ◽

Pandemic H1n1 ◽

The World ◽

On June 11, 2009, the Director General of the World Health Organization, Dr. Margaret Chan, announced that the scientific evidence indicated that the criteria for an influenza pandemic had been met: pandemic H1N1/09 virus, the first in nearly 40 years, was officially upon us. The World Health Organization has estimated that as many as 2 billion or between 15 and 45 percent of the population globally will be infected by the H1N1/09 virus. Scientists and governments have been careful to walk a line between causing mass public fear and ensuring people take the risks seriously. The latest information indicates that the majority of individuals infected with the H1N1/09 virus thus far have suffered mild illness, although very severe and fatal illness have been observed in a small number of cases, even in young and healthy people (World Health Organization 2009c). There is no evidence to date that the virus has mutated to a more virulent or lethal form; however, as we enter the second wave of the pandemic, a significant number of people in countries across the world are susceptible to infection. Most importantly, certain subgroups have been categorized as high risk given the clinical evidence to date. One of these subgroups is Indigenous populations (World Health Organization 2009c).

Review of the scientific evidence used for establishing US policies on added sugars

Nutrition Reviews ◽

10.1093/nutrit/nuz014 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 77 (9) ◽

pp. 646-661 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Paula R Trumbo

Keyword(s):

Drug Administration ◽

Scientific Evidence ◽

Dietary Guidelines ◽

World Health ◽

Added Sugars ◽

The Us ◽

The World ◽

Dietary Guidelines For Americans ◽

AbstractThe 2015 Dietary Guidelines for Americans Advisory Committee has set recommendations to limit added sugars. This action was based on the association between dietary pattern quality scores and chronic disease risk, the results of meta-analyses conducted for the World Health Organization, and data from modeling of dietary patterns for establishing the US Department of Agriculture’s Healthy US-Style Eating Patterns. Recommendations provided by the 2015–2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans were used by the US Food and Drug Administration to establish, for the first time, the mandatory declaration of added sugars and a Daily Value of added sugars for the Nutrition Facts label. This review provides an overview of the scientific evidence considered by the World Health Organization, the 2015–2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, and the US Food and Drug Administration for setting recent polices and regulations on added sugars and highlights important issues and inconsistencies in the evaluations and interpretations of the evidence.

Modelling efforts needed to advance herpes simplex virus (HSV) vaccine development: Key findings from the World Health Organization Consultation on HSV Vaccine Impact Modelling

Vaccine ◽

10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.03.074 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 37 (50) ◽

pp. 7336-7345 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Sami L. Gottlieb ◽

Birgitte Giersing ◽

Marie-Claude Boily ◽

Harrell Chesson ◽

Katharine J. Looker ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Herpes Simplex Virus ◽

Herpes Simplex ◽

Vaccine Development ◽

World Health ◽

Impact Modelling ◽

The World ◽

Vaccine Impact ◽

Health Organization ◽

Simplex Virus

A COVID-19 Vaccine: Big Strides Come with Big Challenges

Vaccines ◽

10.3390/vaccines9010039 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 39

Author(s):

Juanita Mellet ◽

Michael S. Pepper

Keyword(s):

Vaccine Development ◽

World Health ◽

Effective Vaccine ◽

Global Impact ◽

Simultaneous Testing ◽

The World ◽

Clinical Stages ◽

Health Organization ◽

High Level ◽

Modern Era

As of 8 January 2021, there were 86,749,940 confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases and 1,890,342 COVID‑19-related deaths worldwide, as reported by the World Health Organization (WHO). In order to address the COVID‑19 pandemic by limiting transmission, an intense global effort is underway to develop a vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. The development of a safe and effective vaccine usually requires several years of pre-clinical and clinical stages of evaluation and requires strict regulatory approvals before it can be manufactured in bulk and distributed. Since the global impact of COVID‑19 is unprecedented in the modern era, the development and testing of a new vaccine are being expedited. Given the high-level of attrition during vaccine development, simultaneous testing of multiple candidates increases the probability of finding one that is effective. Over 200 vaccines are currently in development, with over 60 candidate vaccines being tested in clinical trials. These make use of various platforms and are at different stages of development. This review discusses the different phases of vaccine development and the various platforms in use for candidate COVID‑19 vaccines, including their progress to date. The potential challenges once a vaccine becomes available are also addressed.

Comprehensive Survey of Using Machine Learning in the COVID-19 Pandemic

Diagnostics ◽

10.3390/diagnostics11071155 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (7) ◽

pp. 1155

Author(s):

Nora El-Rashidy ◽

Samir Abdelrazik ◽

Tamer Abuhmed ◽

Eslam Amer ◽

Farman Ali ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vaccine Development ◽

Decisive Role ◽

Patient Characteristics ◽

World Health ◽

Future Application ◽

Data Types ◽

The World ◽

Comprehensive Survey ◽

Heavy Burden ◽

Since December 2019, the global health population has faced the rapid spreading of coronavirus disease (COVID-19). With the incremental acceleration of the number of infected cases, the World Health Organization (WHO) has reported COVID-19 as an epidemic that puts a heavy burden on healthcare sectors in almost every country. The potential of artificial intelligence (AI) in this context is difficult to ignore. AI companies have been racing to develop innovative tools that contribute to arm the world against this pandemic and minimize the disruption that it may cause. The main objective of this study is to survey the decisive role of AI as a technology used to fight against the COVID-19 pandemic. Five significant applications of AI for COVID-19 were found, including (1) COVID-19 diagnosis using various data types (e.g., images, sound, and text); (2) estimation of the possible future spread of the disease based on the current confirmed cases; (3) association between COVID-19 infection and patient characteristics; (4) vaccine development and drug interaction; and (5) development of supporting applications. This study also introduces a comparison between current COVID-19 datasets. Based on the limitations of the current literature, this review highlights the open research challenges that could inspire the future application of AI in COVID-19.

Panel 2.16: Forensic Aspects of Disaster Fatality Management

Prehospital and Disaster Medicine ◽

10.1017/s1049023x00003113 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 20 (6) ◽

pp. 455-458 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Kan Tun ◽

Barbara Butcher ◽

Pongruk Sribanditmongkol ◽

Tom Brondolo ◽

Theresa Caragine ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Nucleic Acid ◽

World Health ◽

Victim Identification ◽

Tsunami Disaster ◽

The World ◽

Health Organization ◽

Mass Fatality

AbstractThis is a summary of the presentations and discussion of Panel 2.16, Forensic Aspects of Disaster Fatality Management of the Conference, Health Aspects of the Tsunami Disaster in Asia, convened by the World Health Organization (WHO) in Phuket, Thailand, 04–06 May 2005. The topics discussed included issues related to forensic aspects that pertain to the responses to the deaths created by the Earthquake and Tsunami. It is presented in the following major sections: (1) overview of victim identification; (2) resource factors in mass-fatality management; (3) mass-fatality management in protecting public health; and (4) reasons to use deoyxribose nucleic acid (DNA) to identify the deceased.

Evaluation of Different Stabilizers and Inactivating Compounds for the Enhancement of Vero Cell Rabies Vaccine Stability and Immunogenicity:In VitroStudy

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2019/4518163 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Ebtesam Olayan ◽

Manal El-Khadragy ◽

Aly Fahmy Mohamed ◽

Amany Khalil Mohamed ◽

Rania Ibrahim Shebl ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rabies Virus ◽

Human Albumin ◽

Rabies Vaccine ◽

World Health ◽

Vaccine Preparation ◽

Humoral Immune ◽

Humoral Immune Responses ◽

Vaccine Potency ◽

Plasma Substitute ◽

Inactivation of rabies virus is essential for rabies vaccine preparation where the inactivating compound that is currently recommended for rabies vaccine preparation isβ-propiolactone (β-PL). This compound is considered better than phenol and formalin but it is expensive and potentially carcinogenic. Data revealed that Ascorbic acid (AA) with cupric ions could yield complete and irreversible inactivation of rabies virus without adversely affecting its antigenicity. Additionally, the results of testing the vaccine potency with the selected inactivating compounds were comparable (P<0.05), and ED50was higher than the recommended World Health Organization (WHO) limits. The use of HemaGel (plasma substitute) for testing vaccine stabilization was compared with the currently used vaccine stabilizers (human albumin and lactose). HemaGel yielded better stability than the other tested stabilizers. Monitoring of cellular and humoral immune responses indicated that both the total IgG level against rabies vaccine and the IFN and IL5 levels obtained with the HemaGel-stabilized vaccines were higher than those obtained with human albumin- and lactose-stabilized vaccine candidates.