scholarly journals Comprehensive Survey of Using Machine Learning in the COVID-19 Pandemic

Diagnostics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1155
Author(s):  
Nora El-Rashidy ◽  
Samir Abdelrazik ◽  
Tamer Abuhmed ◽  
Eslam Amer ◽  
Farman Ali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Patient Characteristics ◽  
World Health ◽  
Future Application ◽  
Data Types ◽  
The World ◽  
Comprehensive Survey ◽  
Heavy Burden ◽  
Health Organization

Since December 2019, the global health population has faced the rapid spreading of coronavirus disease (COVID-19). With the incremental acceleration of the number of infected cases, the World Health Organization (WHO) has reported COVID-19 as an epidemic that puts a heavy burden on healthcare sectors in almost every country. The potential of artificial intelligence (AI) in this context is difficult to ignore. AI companies have been racing to develop innovative tools that contribute to arm the world against this pandemic and minimize the disruption that it may cause. The main objective of this study is to survey the decisive role of AI as a technology used to fight against the COVID-19 pandemic. Five significant applications of AI for COVID-19 were found, including (1) COVID-19 diagnosis using various data types (e.g., images, sound, and text); (2) estimation of the possible future spread of the disease based on the current confirmed cases; (3) association between COVID-19 infection and patient characteristics; (4) vaccine development and drug interaction; and (5) development of supporting applications. This study also introduces a comparison between current COVID-19 datasets. Based on the limitations of the current literature, this review highlights the open research challenges that could inspire the future application of AI in COVID-19.

scholarly journals The 2016 Vaccine Development Pipeline: A special issue from the World Health Organization Product Development for Vaccine Advisory Committee (PDVAC)

Vaccine ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (26) ◽  
pp. 2863-2864 ◽  
Author(s):  
Birgitte K. Giersing ◽  
Kayvon Modjarrad ◽  
David C. Kaslow ◽  
Jean-Marie Okwo-Bele ◽  
Vasee S. Moorthy
Keyword(s):  
Product Development ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Advisory Committee ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
World Health ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
The World ◽  
Development Pipeline ◽  
Health Organization

Web-Based Machine Learning Application for Heart Disease Prediction

2022 ◽  
pp. 383-393
Author(s):  
Lokesh M. Giripunje ◽  
Tejas Prashant Sonar ◽  
Rohit Shivaji Mali ◽  
Jayant C. Modhave ◽  
Mahesh B. Gaikwad
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Random Forest ◽  
Web Application ◽  
Machine Learning Algorithms ◽  
World Health ◽  
Web Based ◽  
The World ◽  
Comprehensive Survey ◽  
Health Organization

Risk because of heart disease is increasing throughout the world. According to the World Health Organization report, the number of deaths because of heart disease is drastically increasing as compared to other diseases. Multiple factors are responsible for causing heart-related issues. Many approaches were suggested for prediction of heart disease, but none of them were satisfactory in clinical terms. Heart disease therapies and operations available are so costly, and following treatment, heart disease is also costly. This chapter provides a comprehensive survey of existing machine learning algorithms and presents comparison in terms of accuracy, and the authors have found that the random forest classifier is the most accurate model; hence, they are using random forest for further processes. Deployment of machine learning model using web application was done with the help of flask, HTML, GitHub, and Heroku servers. Webpages take input attributes from the users and gives the output regarding the patient heart condition with accuracy of having coronary heart disease in the next 10 years.

scholarly journals A COVID-19 Vaccine: Big Strides Come with Big Challenges

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 39
Author(s):  
Juanita Mellet ◽  
Michael S. Pepper
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Development ◽  
World Health ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Global Impact ◽  
Simultaneous Testing ◽  
The World ◽  
Clinical Stages ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
High Level ◽  
Modern Era

As of 8 January 2021, there were 86,749,940 confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases and 1,890,342 COVID‑19-related deaths worldwide, as reported by the World Health Organization (WHO). In order to address the COVID‑19 pandemic by limiting transmission, an intense global effort is underway to develop a vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. The development of a safe and effective vaccine usually requires several years of pre-clinical and clinical stages of evaluation and requires strict regulatory approvals before it can be manufactured in bulk and distributed. Since the global impact of COVID‑19 is unprecedented in the modern era, the development and testing of a new vaccine are being expedited. Given the high-level of attrition during vaccine development, simultaneous testing of multiple candidates increases the probability of finding one that is effective. Over 200 vaccines are currently in development, with over 60 candidate vaccines being tested in clinical trials. These make use of various platforms and are at different stages of development. This review discusses the different phases of vaccine development and the various platforms in use for candidate COVID‑19 vaccines, including their progress to date. The potential challenges once a vaccine becomes available are also addressed.

Nucleic Acid-Based Vaccines Platform Against Covid-19 Pandemic

2022 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roghayyeh Baghban ◽  
Shirin Mahmoodi
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
World Health ◽  
Subunit Vaccines ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Humoral Immune Responses ◽  
The World ◽  
Inactivated Vaccines ◽  
Health Organization

Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has affected millions of people globally, in this regard, known as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). There is sufficient scientific evidence that a preventive COVID-19 vaccine is the most effective approach to combat with COVID-19 pandemic, therefore there is an essential need for safe and protective vaccines to fight it. Methods: Global efforts in developing a vaccine against COVID-19 have resulted in the development of different vaccine platforms with various safety and efficacy including live-attenuated vaccines, inactivated vaccines, subunit vaccines, and nucleic acid-based vaccines against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Nucleic acid-based vaccines consist of mRNA and DNA vaccines have shown promising results in stimulating cellular and humoral immune responses properly against COVID-19, which their rapid and easy manufacturing process compared to others have made them considerable. mRNA-based vaccines platform by Pfizer/BioNtech and Moderna companies are the first approved vaccines for emergency use against COVID-19. Results: This narrative review highlights the recent advances in developing nucleic acid-based vaccines for COVID-19. Conclusion: The fast global dissemination of the coronavirus has highlighted the urgent necessity to build an efficient vaccine to inhibit disease. Cooperative attempts throughout the world have paid to the fast and unprecedented production of vaccines. Much needs to be learned regarding SARSCoV-2 and vaccine development against it.

Vaccine development perspectives of the World Health Organization

1990 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Bektimirov ◽  
P.-H. Lambert ◽  
G. Torrigiani
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
World Health ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

scholarly journals Preventive Approach and Preparation for Crisis Management Before the Outbreak

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 165-168
Author(s):  
Mohsen Poursadeqiyan ◽  
◽  
Maryam Feyz Arefi ◽  
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Crisis Management ◽  
Healthcare System ◽  
Predictive Models ◽  
World Health ◽  
Global Warning ◽  
Rapid Spread ◽  
The World ◽  
Heavy Burden ◽  
Health Organization

Epidemic crises lead to the quarantine and closure of many commercial and social activities, which can cause a lot of damage to communities. The recent coronavirus crisis, which has spread from China had many consequences due to its unknown nature and rapid spread. The epidemic is so severe that it was issued as a global warning by the World Health Organization. This epidemic has placed a heavy burden on Chinachr('39')s healthcare system due to a lack of equipment, resources, predictive models, and medicine.

scholarly journals The parallels between COVID-19 and the Spanish flu of 1918

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 4687
Author(s):  
Markordor Lyngdoh
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Influenza Pandemic ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
The World ◽  
Spanish Flu ◽  
Avian Origin ◽  
1918 Influenza ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

The 1918 influenza pandemic was the most severe pandemic in recent history. It was caused by an H1N1 virus with genes of avian origin. On the other hand, the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic caused by a novel coronavirus hailed by the world health organization as a “once in a century health crisis” which has led to devastating impacts to health and livelihood the world over. The prevailing situation is reminiscent of the Spanish flu where definitive cure is unavailable and the public health measures like quarantine, social distancing, hand hygiene and isolation are the only alternatives. Both these diseases are transmitted through respiratory droplets, highly contagious and target the respiratory organs. The parallels between these two events cannot be denied. The Spanish flu thrived at a time when the knowledge and availability of antivirals and vaccine development were inadequate. This article strives to highlight a little more on these two separate pandemics and observe their similarities as well as their differences.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 Targets and COVID-19 Vaccines

COVID ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 608-621
Author(s):  
Arthur W. Currier ◽  
Madeline C. Jeshurin ◽  
Valerie B. Sampson
Keyword(s):  
Protective Immunity ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
World Health ◽  
Vaccine Candidates ◽  
Phase Iii Clinical Trials ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Protection Against Infection

Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) vaccines are being used across the globe to reduce the risk of developing COVID-19, stop the transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), and end the pandemic. To address this, a massive global effort is underway for development of COVID-19 vaccines. As of September 2021, the World Health Organization (WHO) has documented 331 COVID-19 vaccine candidates, and 107 are in clinical evaluation, with 8 in Phase IV and 30 in Phase III clinical trials (WHO; COVID-19 vaccine tracker). At least 13 different vaccines are being issued for emergency use authorization. Specifically, the goal is to produce protective immunity to SARS-CoV-2 infection by stimulating an immune response to either the whole virus, viral protein, or nucleic acid products. The spike (S) proteins of SARS-CoV-2 that give the characteristic “corona” appearance of this family of viruses has emerged as an effective target for vaccines. Other viral candidates that are being developed also aim to produce immunity for COVID-19. In this review, we describe the different vaccine platforms, target candidates for vaccines, and their progress in COVID-19 vaccine development. This is critical since newly discovered SARS-CoV-2 variants of interest require understanding of how vaccines may provide the most effective long-term protection against infection.

scholarly journals Current Status of COVID-19 Diagnostics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Surabhi Dixit ◽  
Monal Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
World Health ◽  
Current Status ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Diagnostic Assays ◽  
Global Demand ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

In December 2019, an unexpected outbreak was caused by novel corona virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The lung disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 was given the name of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) by the World Health Organization (WHO) on February 11, 2020. Since its origin in the Hubei province of Wuhan city in China, now it has spread to 218 countries worldwide. Panic situation created by COVID-19 has compelled researchers and doctors to work collaboratively. To combat with the disease, every control measures are under consideration from drug discovery to vaccine development. In the management of disease, rapid diagnosis is equally important as development of vaccine and drug. At present, various diagnostic kits are available for COVID-19. With the disease progression, global demand for diagnostics is raising. So, this chapter will include the updates on efficient diagnostic assays and future of diagnostic.

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