Structural and Functional MRI Brain Changes in Patients with Schizophrenia Following Electroconvulsive Therapy: A Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuchao Jiang ◽  
Mingjun Duan ◽  
Hui He ◽  
Dezhong Yao ◽  
Cheng Luo
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Functional Mri ◽  
Electroconvulsive Therapy ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Parahippocampal Gyrus ◽  
Medical Subject Headings ◽  
Therapeutic Mechanisms ◽  
Brain Changes ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Induced Changes

Background: Schizophrenia (SZ) is a severe psychiatric disorder typically characterized by multidimensional psychotic syndromes. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a treatment option for medication-resistant patients with SZ or to resolve acute symptoms. Although the efficacy of ECT has been demonstrated in clinical use, its therapeutic mechanisms in the brain remain elusive. Objective: This study aimed to summarize brain changes on structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI) and functional MRI (fMRI) after ECT. Methods: According to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, a systematic review was carried out. The PubMed and Medline databases were systematically searched using the following medical subject headings (MeSH): (electroconvulsive therapy OR ECT) AND (schizophrenia) AND (MRI OR fMRI OR DTI OR DWI). Results: This review yielded 12 MRI studies, including 4 with sMRI, 5 with fMRI and 3 with multimodal MRI. Increases in volumes of the hippocampus and its adjacent regions (parahippocampal gyrus and amygdala) as well as insula and frontotemporal regions were noted after ECT. fMRI studies found ECT-induced changes in different brain regions/networks, including the hippocampus, amygdala, default model network, salience network and other regions/networks that are thought to highly correlate with the pathophysiologic characteristics of SZ. The results of the correlation between brain changes and symptom remissions are inconsistent Conclusion: Our review provides evidence supporting ECT-induced brain changes on sMRI and fMRI in SZ and explores the relationship between these changes and symptom remission.

Hyaluronic Acid Fillers for Midface Augmentation: A Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lily N. Trinh ◽  
Amar Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Hyaluronic Acid ◽  
Subcutaneous Tissue ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Medical Subject Headings ◽  
Mesh Terms ◽  
Full Text Review ◽  
Filler Injections ◽  
Subjective Measurements ◽  
Meta Analyses

AbstractInjectable fillers represent one of the most requested minimally invasive treatments to rejuvenate the aging face, and its popularity is steadily rising. A vast majority of filler treatments are with hyaluronic acid (HA). The aim of this systematic review is to evaluate patient outcomes, safety profile, and administration techniques of various HA fillers for malar augmentation. A systematic review of the published literature was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines and included PubMed, Embase, and Science Direct databases. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms used were “cheek” OR “midface” OR “malar” and “filler” OR “hyaluronic acid” OR “Juvederm” OR “Restylane” OR “Perlane” OR “Belotero.” The initial search identified 699 articles; 256 duplicates were removed. Additional 12 studies were identified from reference lists. A total of 455 were screened by title and abstract and 387 studies were eliminated based on criteria. Also, 68 articles underwent full-text review, and 18 articles were included in the final review and involved seven different HA formulations. Men and women from many age groups were highly satisfied with their results following HA treatment for midface augmentation up to 24 months. The most common adverse events included bruising, swelling, and tenderness, and typically lasted no more than 2 weeks. Upper cheek filler injections near the zygoma should be placed in the submuscular plane while lower cheek injections should be placed in the subcutaneous tissue. HA is an attractive choice for midface augmentation due to its high patient satisfaction, long-lasting effects, and low side-effect profile. Due to the variability in technique, level of expertise, and subjective measurements across studies, one optimal regimen could not be concluded. However, midface augmentation treatment should be personalized to each patient. Additional clinical trials are required to more conclusively determine the most appropriate approach for this procedure.

scholarly journals Dynamic and stable brain connectivity during movie watching as revealed by functional MRI

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Di ◽  
Zhiguo Zhang ◽  
Ting Xu ◽  
Bharat B. Biswal
Keyword(s):  
Functional Mri ◽  
Brain Connectivity ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Posterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Temporoparietal Junction ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Movie Clip ◽  
Brain Changes ◽  
Brain Processing ◽  
Dynamic Connectivity

AbstractSpatially remote brain regions show synchronized activity as typically revealed by correlated functional MRI (fMRI) signals. An emerging line of research has focused on the temporal fluctuations of connectivity, however, its relationships with stable connectivity have not been clearly illustrated. We examined the stable and dynamic connectivity from fMRI data when the participants watched four different movie clips. Using inter-individual correlation, we were able to estimate functionally meaningful dynamic connectivity associated with different movies. Widespread consistent dynamic connectivity was observed for each movie clip as well as their differences between clips. A cartoon movie clip showed higher consistent dynamic connectivity with the posterior cingulate cortex and supramarginal gyrus, while a court drama clip showed higher dynamic connectivity with the auditory cortex and temporoparietal junction, which suggest the involvement of specific brain processing for different movie contents. In contrast, stable connectivity was highly similar among the movie clips, and showed fewer statistical significant differences. The patterns of dynamic connectivity had higher accuracy for classifications of different movie clips than the stable connectivity and regional activity. These results support the functional significance of dynamic connectivity in reflecting functional brain changes, which could provide more functionally related information than stable connectivity.

P.240 Electroconvulsive therapy induces functional brain changes in patients with depression: A systematic review of current fMRI literature

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. S184-S185
Author(s):  
D. Porta Casteràs ◽  
M. Cano ◽  
V. Gálvez ◽  
M. Serra-Blasco ◽  
E. Martínez-Amorós ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Electroconvulsive Therapy ◽  
Functional Brain ◽  
Brain Changes

scholarly journals Cannabis and Illicit Drug Use During Neurodevelopment and the Associated Structural, Functional and Cognitive Outcomes: Protocol for a Systematic Review (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Debenham ◽  
Nicola Newton ◽  
Louise Birrell ◽  
Murat Yücel ◽  
Briana Lees ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Illicit Drugs ◽  
Illicit Drug ◽  
Illicit Drug Use ◽  
Cognitive Outcomes ◽  
Medical Subject Headings ◽  
Neuropsychological Development ◽  
Assessment Development ◽  
Meta Analyses

BACKGROUND High rates of cannabis and illicit drug use are experienced by young people during the final stages of neurodevelopment (aged 15-24 years), a period characterized by high neuroplasticity. Frequent drug use during this time may interfere with neurophysiological and neuropsychological development pathways, potentially leading to ongoing unfavorable neuroadaptations. The dose-response relationship between illicit drug use, exposure, and individual neurodevelopmental variation is unknown but salient with global shifts in the legal landscape and increasingly liberal attitudes and perceptions of the harm caused by cannabis and illicit drugs. OBJECTIVE This systematic review aims to synthesize longitudinal studies that investigate the effects of illicit drug use on structural, functional, and cognitive brain domains in individuals under the neural age of adulthood (25 years). This protocol outlines prospective methods that will facilitate an exhaustive review of the literature exploring pre- and post-drug use brain abnormalities arising during neurodevelopment. METHODS Five electronic databases (Medline, Embase, PsycINFO, ProQuest Central, and Web of Science) will be systematically searched between 1990 and 2019. The search terms will be a combination of MeSH (Medical Subject Headings), with keywords adapted to each database. Study reporting will follow the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, and if relevant, study quality will be assessed using the Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. Eligible studies are those that sampled youth exposed to cannabis or illicit drugs and employed neurophysiological or neuropsychological assessment techniques. Studies will be excluded if participants had been clinically diagnosed with any psychiatric, neurological, or pharmacological condition. RESULTS This is an ongoing review. As of February 2020, papers are in full-text screening, with results predicted to be complete by July 2020. CONCLUSIONS Integrating data collected on the three brain domains will enable an assessment of the links between structural, functional, and cognitive brain health across individuals and may support the early detection and prevention of neurodevelopmental harm. CLINICALTRIAL PROSPERO CRD42020151442; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=151442 INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT PRR1-10.2196/18349

scholarly journals Cannabis and Illicit Drug Use During Neurodevelopment and the Associated Structural, Functional and Cognitive Outcomes: Protocol for a Systematic Review

10.2196/18349 ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. e18349
Author(s):  
Jennifer Debenham ◽  
Nicola Newton ◽  
Louise Birrell ◽  
Murat Yücel ◽  
Briana Lees ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Illicit Drugs ◽  
Illicit Drug ◽  
Illicit Drug Use ◽  
Cognitive Outcomes ◽  
Medical Subject Headings ◽  
Neuropsychological Development ◽  
Assessment Development ◽  
Meta Analyses

Background High rates of cannabis and illicit drug use are experienced by young people during the final stages of neurodevelopment (aged 15-24 years), a period characterized by high neuroplasticity. Frequent drug use during this time may interfere with neurophysiological and neuropsychological development pathways, potentially leading to ongoing unfavorable neuroadaptations. The dose-response relationship between illicit drug use, exposure, and individual neurodevelopmental variation is unknown but salient with global shifts in the legal landscape and increasingly liberal attitudes and perceptions of the harm caused by cannabis and illicit drugs. Objective This systematic review aims to synthesize longitudinal studies that investigate the effects of illicit drug use on structural, functional, and cognitive brain domains in individuals under the neural age of adulthood (25 years). This protocol outlines prospective methods that will facilitate an exhaustive review of the literature exploring pre- and post-drug use brain abnormalities arising during neurodevelopment. Methods Five electronic databases (Medline, Embase, PsycINFO, ProQuest Central, and Web of Science) will be systematically searched between 1990 and 2019. The search terms will be a combination of MeSH (Medical Subject Headings), with keywords adapted to each database. Study reporting will follow the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, and if relevant, study quality will be assessed using the Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. Eligible studies are those that sampled youth exposed to cannabis or illicit drugs and employed neurophysiological or neuropsychological assessment techniques. Studies will be excluded if participants had been clinically diagnosed with any psychiatric, neurological, or pharmacological condition. Results This is an ongoing review. As of February 2020, papers are in full-text screening, with results predicted to be complete by July 2020. Conclusions Integrating data collected on the three brain domains will enable an assessment of the links between structural, functional, and cognitive brain health across individuals and may support the early detection and prevention of neurodevelopmental harm. Trial Registration PROSPERO CRD42020151442; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=151442 International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) PRR1-10.2196/18349

scholarly journals Assessment of Regional Differences in Tariquidar-Induced P-Glycoprotein Modulation at the Human Blood–Brain Barrier

2009 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 510-515 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Bauer ◽  
Rudolf Karch ◽  
Friederike Neumann ◽  
Claudia C Wagner ◽  
Kurt Kletter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regional Differences ◽  
Statistical Parametric Mapping ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Parahippocampal Gyrus ◽  
Glycoprotein P ◽  
P Glycoprotein ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Pet Scans

We attempted to assess regional differences in cerebral P-glycoprotein (P-gp) function by performing paired positron emission tomography (PET) scans with the P-gp substrate ( R)-[11C]verapamil in five healthy subjects before and after i.v. infusion of tariquidar (2 mg/kg). Comparison of tariquidar-induced changes in distribution volumes ( DVs) in 42 brain regions of interest (ROIs) failed to detect significant differences among brain ROIs. Statistical parametric mapping analysis of parametric DV images visualized symmetrical bilateral clusters with moderately higher DV increases in response to tariquidar administration in cerebellum, parahippocampal gyrus, olfactory gyrus, and middle temporal lobe and cortex, which might reflect moderately decreased P-gp function and expression.

scholarly journals The Effects of Milk and Dairy Products on Sleep: A Systematic Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (24) ◽  
pp. 9440
Author(s):  
Yoko Komada ◽  
Isa Okajima ◽  
Tamotsu Kuwata
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Sleep Quality ◽  
Dairy Products ◽  
Dairy Product ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Medical Subject Headings ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Balanced Diet ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Milk And Dairy Products

Several studies have assessed the effects of milk and dairy product intake on sleep quality and duration. Such investigations have varied in terms of their geographic locations, amounts of milk and dairy products, study participants (age, sex, race), and study designs. The present study aimed to summarize this literature and provide a unified view on whether the intake of milk and dairy products affects sleep quality. This systematic review was conducted according to the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The following keywords were chosen as electronic database search items from MeSH (medical subject headings) terms and descriptors in health sciences (DeHS) lists: milk, yogurt, dairy product, cheese, sleep, human, observational study, and interventional study. As a result, a total of 14 studies published between 1972 and 2019 were included in this review, including eight randomized controlled trials, two experimental studies with cross-over designs, one longitudinal study, and three cross-sectional studies. Four studies targeted older adults, three included toddlers, two targeted children, and six enrolled adults inclusive of university students. Overall, these studies indicated that a well-balanced diet that includes milk and dairy products is effective in improving sleep quality, despite mixed results across studies attributable to differences in study populations and methods.

scholarly journals Systematic Review of the Surgical Outcomes of Elbow Plicae

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 232596712095516
Author(s):  
In-Ho Jeon ◽  
Hua Liu ◽  
Akriti Nanda ◽  
Hyojune Kim ◽  
Dong Min Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Radial Head ◽  
Surgical Outcomes ◽  
English Language ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Medical Subject Headings ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Residual Symptoms ◽  
Language Studies ◽  
Meta Analyses

Background: Surgical resection is usually required for symptomatic elbow plicae that have failed nonoperative therapy. However, evidence of surgical outcomes has not been presented. Purpose: To review the surgical outcomes for the treatment of synovial plicae in the radiocapitellar joint. Study Design: Systematic review; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: We searched the PubMed, Ovid/MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, and Embase databases using keywords as well as Medical Subject Headings terms and Emtree ([(elbow OR humeroradial joint OR radiohumeral joint) AND (meniscus OR plica)] OR snapping elbow OR snapping triceps OR synovial fold syndrome OR synovial fringe) for English-language studies. We conducted a systematic review using PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. Results: A total of 14 articles comprising four level 5 and ten level 4 studies were identified, including 279 patients (284 elbows). The triggering factors reported for 58 patients were heavy labor (29 patients; 50.0%), sporting activities (17 patients; 29.3%), and nonspecific trauma (12 patients; 20.7%). Overall, 92 patients (33.0%) were administered a steroid injection before surgery. Arthroscopic plica resection was performed in 266 patients (95.3%). Intraoperatively, plicae were mostly found in the posterior (44.0%) and posterolateral (28.6%) sites, and chondromalacia of the radial head was observed in 25 patients (9.2%). Of the reported surgical outcomes, 67.7% showed a resolution of symptoms. However, 9.3% of patients had residual symptoms, which were likely associated with pre-existing radial head chondromalacia. The complication rate was reported as 1.8%. Conclusion: Symptomatic elbow plicae were mostly treated arthroscopically, with most of the results being favorable. Pre-existing chondromalacia and the underestimation of concomitant intra-articular abnormalities may yield an inferior outcome.

scholarly journals Using structural and functional MRI as a neuroimaging technique to investigate chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalopathy: a systematic review

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. e031672
Author(s):  
Basim Almutairi ◽  
Christelle Langley ◽  
Esther Crawley ◽  
Ngoc Jade Thai
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome ◽  
Functional Mri ◽  
Chronic Fatigue ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Clinical Population ◽  
Sample Sizes ◽  
Consistent Finding ◽  
Fatigue Syndrome

ObjectiveThis systematic review aims to synthesise and evaluate structural MRI (sMRI) and functional MRI (fMRI) studies in chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME).MethodsWe systematically searched Medline and Ovid and included articles from 1991 (date of Oxford diagnostic criteria for CFS/ME) to first April 2019. Studies were selected by predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Two reviewers independently reviewed the titles and abstracts to determine articles for inclusion, full text and quality assessment for risk of bias.ResultssMRI studies report differences in CFS/ME brain anatomy in grey and white matter volume, ventricular enlargement and hyperintensities. Three studies report no neuroanatomical differences between CFS/ME and healthy controls. Task-based fMRI investigated working memory, attention, reward and motivation, sensory information processing and emotional conflict. The most consistent finding was CFS/ME exhibited increased activations and recruited additional brain regions. Tasks with increasing load or complexity produced decreased activation in task-specific brain regions.ConclusionsThere were insufficient data to define a unique neural profile or biomarker of CFS/ME. This may be due to inconsistencies in finding neuroanatomical differences in CFS/ME and the variety of different tasks employed by fMRI studies. But there are also limitations with neuroimaging. All brain region specific volumetric differences in CFS/ME were derived from voxel-based statistics that are biased towards group differences that are highly localised in space. fMRI studies demonstrated both increases and decreases in activation patterns in CFS/ME, this may be related to task demand. However, fMRI signal cannot differentiate between neural excitation and inhibition or function-specific neural processing. Many studies have small sample sizes and did not control for the heterogeneity of this clinical population. We suggest that with robust study design, subgrouping and larger sample sizes, future neuroimaging studies could potentially lead to a breakthrough in our understanding of the disease.

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