scholarly journals Optic Neuritis: A Model for the Immuno-pathogenesis of Central Nervous System Inflammatory Demyelinating Diseases

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory Wu ◽  
Chelsea Parker Harp ◽  
Kenneth Shindler
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Optic Neuritis ◽  
Demyelinating Diseases

Optic Neuritis

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron E. Miller ◽  
Teresa M. DeAngelis
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Optic Neuritis ◽  
Clinical Examination ◽  
Demyelinating Diseases ◽  
Diagnostic Evaluation ◽  
Systemic Diseases ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Therapeutic Measures

Optic neuritis (ON) is an ophthalmological syndrome commonly encountered in inflammatory and demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system. Here we review the cardinal clinical examination findings, the possible associated systemic diseases in which ON can manifest, and the recommended diagnostic evaluation and therapeutic measures.

scholarly journals Anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies: Magnetic resonance imaging findings in a case series and a literature review

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cellina Michaela ◽  
Fetoni Vincenza ◽  
Ciocca Matteo ◽  
Pirovano Marta ◽  
Oliva Giancarlo
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Optic Neuritis ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein ◽  
Demyelinating Diseases ◽  
Imaging Features ◽  
Resonance Imaging

Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein is a protein exclusively expressed on the surface of oligodendrocytes and myelin in the central nervous system. Antibodies against myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein were initially detected in children with demyelinating syndromes, and more recently reported in a broad spectrum of central nervous system demyelinating diseases in adults, including neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders and bilateral optic neuritis. Patients with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated demyelination appear to have unique clinical and radiological features. To the best of our knowledge a series of Italian patients with optic neuritis and positivity to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies has not yet been reported and the paper on myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies are more focused on clinical features, diagnosis and outcome than on the radiological appearance, so we want to retrospectively report magnetic resonance imaging features of a group of eight patients, who came to our Ophthalmologic Emergency Department for optic neuritis and were found seropositive for myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies, comparing our data with the findings described in the literature.

scholarly journals Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM): A Demyelinating Disease with Specific Morphological Features

2021 ◽  
pp. 106689692199356
Author(s):  
Fleur Cordier ◽  
Lars Velthof ◽  
David Creytens ◽  
Jo Van Dorpe
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Clinical Case ◽  
Demyelinating Disease ◽  
Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis ◽  
Demyelinating Diseases ◽  
Demyelinating Disorder ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is a rare immune-mediated inflammatory and demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system. Its characteristic perivenular demyelination and inflammation aid in the differential diagnosis with other inflammatory demyelinating diseases. Here, we present a clinical case of ADEM, summarize its histological hallmarks, and discuss pitfalls concerning the most important neuropathological differential diagnoses.

First Presentation of an Acquired Demyelinating Syndrome

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (03) ◽  
pp. 164-170
Author(s):  
Rachel Gottlieb-Smith ◽  
Amy Waldman
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Optic Neuritis ◽  
Clinical Features ◽  
Neuromyelitis Optica ◽  
Transverse Myelitis ◽  
Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis ◽  
The Central Nervous System

AbstractAcquired demyelinating syndromes (ADS) present with acute or subacute monofocal or polyfocal neurologic deficits localizing to the central nervous system. The clinical features of distinct ADS have been carefully characterized including optic neuritis, transverse myelitis, and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. These disorders may all be monophasic disorders. Alternatively, optic neuritis, partial transverse myelitis, and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis may be first presentations of a relapsing or polyphasic neuroinflammatory disorder, such as multiple sclerosis or neuromyelitis optica. The clinical features of these disorders and the differential diagnosis are discussed in this article.

Demyelinating disorders of the central nervous system

2010 ◽  
pp. 4948-4963
Author(s):  
Siddharthan Chandran ◽  
Alastair Compston
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis ◽  
Demyelinating Diseases ◽  
Demyelinating Disorder ◽  
System P ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Demyelinating Disorders ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord

Clinicians suspect demyelination when episodes reflecting damage to white matter tracts within the central nervous system occur in young adults. The paucity of specific biological markers of discrete demyelinating syndromes places an emphasis on clinical phenotype—temporal and spatial patterns—when classifying demyelinating disorders. The diagnosis of multiple sclerosis, the most common demyelinating disorder, becomes probable when these symptoms and signs recur, involving different parts of the brain and spinal cord. Other important demyelinating diseases include post-infectious neurological disorders (acute disseminated encephalomyelitis), demyelination resulting from metabolic derangements (central pontine myelinosis), and inherited leucodystrophies that may present in children or in adults. Accepting differences in mechanism, presentation, and treatment, two observations can usefully be made when classifying demyelinating disorders. These are the presence or absence of inflammation, and the extent of focal vs. diffuse demyelination. Multiple sclerosis is prototypic for the former, whereas dysmyelinating disorders, such as leucodystrophies are representative of the latter....

scholarly journals Balò’s concentric sclerosis in a case of cocaine-levamisole abuse

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 2050313X2094053 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Grasso ◽  
Carmela Borreggine ◽  
Giulia Castorani ◽  
Doriana Vergara ◽  
Lucia Maria Cecilia Dimitri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cocaine Abuse ◽  
Hemorrhagic Stroke ◽  
Demyelinating Diseases ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Radiological Findings ◽  
Baló’S Concentric Sclerosis

Baló’s concentric sclerosis is a rare variant of multiple sclerosis. It belongs to the group of primary inflammatory central nervous system demyelinating diseases having no clear etiology. Peculiar radiological findings on magnetic resonance imaging are alternating rings of demyelinated and myelinated axons resembling an “onion bulb.” We report on a case of a patient with cocaine abuse who presented with Balò’s-like acute multifocal leukoencephalopathy supported by histological and radiological findings. The abuse of cocaine and its most frequent adulterant, levamisole, may induce ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke and metabolic or multifocal inflammatory leukoencephalopathy. Only a few studies described levamisole-induced leukoencephalopathy mimicking Balò round lesions. Nevertheless, it has not yet been established the correlation between them; it might also be possible that the cocaine/levamisole addiction represents just a coincidence in some of those patients affected by Balò sclerosis disease.

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