EDXRF Spectrometry and Complementary Non-Destructive Analytical Techniques in the Archaeometric Study of Copper Artefacts

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. 776-787 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christos S. Katsifas ◽  
George A. Zachariadis
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
In Situ Analysis ◽  
Related Case ◽  
Analytical Technique ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Portable Instruments ◽  
Non Destructive

Background: For more than a decade, Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) spectrometry is the primary analytical technique in archaeometric research and especially in the study of ancient copper artefacts. EDXRF has established itself as the fundamental archaeometric analytical technique because of features like: the ability to analyze samples in a non destructive or non invasive way, no requirements for sample preparation, portability, in situ analysis, simultaneous determination of many elements and finally its easy in use. At the same time there is an explosion of related research publications which provide new possibilities to museums and archaeology scientists. On the other hand, due to its limitations it cannot provide information for every analytical question. Objective: The goal of this article is to present an overview of the capabilities of the contemporary EDXRF spectrometry for the study of ancient copper artifacts and the necessity to be implemented, depending on the analytical question, in correlation with complementary analytical techniques which are presented through related case studies. Conclusion: The demand for studying artefacts in situ, the evolution of the instrumentation and the access of more scientists (historians, archaeologists, curators etc.) to archaeometry will maintain EDXRF spectrometry as the central analytical technique. Limitations like inability for light elements detection, penetration depth, low (relatively) sensitivity can be partially overcome with the implementation of other analytical techniques which will provide complementary information. Moreover, progress in non-invasive analysis and new portable instruments combining elemental and molecular techniques expand significantly the capabilities of in situ analysis.

scholarly journals Moisture Damage in Ancient Masonry: A Multidisciplinary Approach for In Situ Diagnostics

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 406
Author(s):  
Noemi Proietti ◽  
Paola Calicchia ◽  
Francesco Colao ◽  
Sara De Simone ◽  
Valeria Di Tullio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Holistic Approach ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Moisture Distribution ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Unilateral Nmr ◽  
Moisture Effects ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Non Destructive

San Nicola in Carcere, one of the minor basilicas in the historical center of Rome, was the location of a wide investigation campaign of the water-related deterioration causes, present in the lower sector of the apse and adjacent pillars, affected by water infiltrations, mould and salt efflorescence. The results obtained identify the presence of water content and related effects mainly on the sides of the apsidal wall. This work focuses on the use of five Non-Destructive Techniques (NDT) and intends to show the gains obtained by integrating widely interdisciplinary methods, namely the Infrared Thermography (IRT), the Unilateral Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (Unilateral NMR), the Acoustic Tomography (AT), the Acoustic Imaging (AI) and the Laser-Induced Fluorescence (LIF). All the techniques contribute to the rapid, non-invasive and early identification of the moisture distribution, while some of them (LIF and AI) also address the determination of some moisture effects. The integrated use of different techniques helps to take the multidisciplinary point of view necessary to formulate an effective restoration intervention based on a sound scientific rationale; nonetheless, it allows to experiment a holistic approach, verifying the potential of a wide range of NDTs available within the context of a restoration yard.

Non-invasive in-situ analysis of a wreath of gold leaves from the National Archaeological Museum of Taranto, Italy

Measurement ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 126 ◽  
pp. 164-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Buccolieri ◽  
Eva Degl'Innocenti ◽  
Roberto Cesareo ◽  
Alfredo Castellano ◽  
Giovanni Buccolieri
Keyword(s):  
In Situ Analysis ◽  
Non Invasive

scholarly journals Worth a Closer Look: Raman Spectra of Lead-Pipe Scale

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1047
Author(s):  
Jill Dill Pasteris ◽  
Yeunook Bae ◽  
Daniel E. Giammar ◽  
Sydney N. Dybing ◽  
Claude H. Yoder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Water System ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Real Time Analysis ◽  
Fiber Optic Probes ◽  
Lead Pipe ◽  
Lead Pipes ◽  
Non Destructive

The identification and characterization of lead-bearing and associated minerals in scales on lead pipes are essential to understanding and predicting the mobilization of lead into drinking water. Despite its long-recognized usefulness in the unambiguous identification of crystalline and amorphous solids, distinguishing between polymorphic phases, and rapid and non-destructive analysis on the micrometer spatial scale, the Raman spectroscopy (RS) technique has been applied only occasionally in the analysis of scales in lead service lines (LSLs). This article illustrates multiple applications of RS not just for the identification of phases, but also compositional and structural characterization of scale materials in harvested lead pipes and experimental pipe-loop/recirculation systems. RS is shown to be a sensitive monitor of these characteristics through analyses on cross-sections of lead pipes, raw interior pipe walls, particulates captured in filters, and scrapings from pipes. RS proves to be especially sensitive to the state of crystallinity of scale phases (important to their solubility) and to the specific chemistry of phases precipitated upon the introduction of orthophosphate to the water system. It can be used effectively alone as well as in conjunction with more standard analytical techniques. By means of fiber-optic probes, RS has potential for in situ, real-time analysis within water-filled pipes.

Bohrwiderstandsmessungen, eine neue und standardisierbare Methode zur Bestimmung der Kohäsion von Naturstein: Entwicklung eines Prototypes und dessen Erprobung / Drilling force measurement system, a new standardisa i methodology to determine the stone cohesion: Prototype design and validation

2000 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Tiano ◽  
C. Filareto ◽  
S. Ponticelli ◽  
M. Ferrari ◽  
E. Valentini
Keyword(s):  
Force Measurement ◽  
Direct Determination ◽  
Drilling Force ◽  
System A ◽  
Stone Materials ◽  
Force Measurement System ◽  
Drilling Resistance ◽  
Non Destructive

Abstract In the field of conservation of monumental buildings actually a standard methodology is lacking, with which it is possible to determine with the same sensitivity and reliability the "stone hardness" both at the superficial surface and at larger depths (few centimetres), both in laboratory and in situ. The use of the drilling resistance to determine the stone hardness is a very recent application and few working outdoor devices exist. The objective of this work is to validate a new and improved system to assess the drilling resistance of stones. The DFMS is portable and a quasi non-destructive device for direct determination of the "cohesion" of stone materials through the determination of their drilling resistance. The best operational features of the prototype have been established together with the assessment of the sensitivity and reliability of the system.

scholarly journals Polychromy on the Antonine Wall Distance Sculptures: Non-destructive Identification of Pigments on Roman Reliefs

Britannia ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 175-201
Author(s):  
Louisa Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Materials Science ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Composition Analysis ◽  
Raman Spectrometry ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Wall Distance ◽  
Depositional Processes ◽  
Non Destructive

ABSTRACTNon-destructive analytical techniques are now widely and successfully employed in the fields of materials science and conservation. Portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) and portable Raman spectrometry have proven particularly valuable for the rapid in-situ analysis of samples, but their applicability for the analysis of archaeological artefacts for which survival of surface treatments can be negatively impacted by post-depositional processes has been underexplored. Roman relief-sculpted monumental inscriptions from the Antonine Wall, commonly referred to as ‘Distance Slabs’, have offered an excellent opportunity to deploy these non-destructive techniques to determine whether they were originally adorned with pigments and, if so, to identify the colours used. This is a revolutionary approach to identifying colours on ancient sandstone sculpture that transforms our understanding of these unique monuments. Elemental composition analysis by pXRF has confirmed evidence for pigments and this is supported by the Raman results, making it possible to develop and reconstruct a palette of colours that originally brought these monuments to life in vibrant polychrome. The research offers a new methodology for identifying pigments on sandstone sculpture and opens new avenues for investigating other classes of material culture alongside the development of bespoke analytical equipment.

scholarly journals Determination of Nucleotides and Nucleosides in Milks and Pediatric Formulas: A Review

2007 ◽  
Vol 90 (5) ◽  
pp. 1354-1364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brendon D Gill ◽  
Harvey E Indyk
Keyword(s):  
Complex Mixture ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Reversed Phase ◽  
Robust Methods ◽  
Structural Units ◽  
Chromatographic Separations ◽  
Analytical Technique ◽  
Minimal Sample ◽  
Nucleotides And Nucleosides

Abstract Nucleotides and nucleosides play important roles as structural units in nucleic acids, as coenzymes in biochemical pathways, and as sources of chemical energy. Milk contains a complex mixture of nucleotides, nucleosides, and nucleobases, and because of the reported differences in their relative levels in bovine and human milks, pediatric formulas are increasingly supplemented with nucleotides. Liquid chromatography is the dominant analytical technique used for the quantitation of nucleospecies and is commonly applied using either ion-exchange, reversed-phase, or ion-pair reversed-phase modes. Robust methods that incorporate minimal sample preparation and rapid chromatographic separations have been developed for routine product compliance analysis. This review summarizes the analytical techniques used to date in the analysis of nucleospecies in bovine and human milks and infant formulas.

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