Uncovering the Diversification of Tissue Engineering on the Emergent Areas of Stem Cells, Nanotechnology and Biomaterials

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 187-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunil K. Dubey ◽  
Amit Alexander ◽  
Munnangi Sivaram ◽  
Mukta Agrawal ◽  
Gautam Singhvi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Clinical Application ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Patient Specific ◽  
Potential Strategy ◽  
Induced Pluripotent ◽  
Treat All ◽  
The Impact

Damaged or disabled tissue is life-threatening due to the lack of proper treatment. Many conventional transplantation methods like autograft, iso-graft and allograft are in existence for ages, but they are not sufficient to treat all types of tissue or organ damages. Stem cells, with their unique capabilities like self-renewal and differentiate into various cell types, can be a potential strategy for tissue regeneration. However, the challenges like reproducibility, uncontrolled propagation and differentiation, isolation of specific kinds of cell and tumorigenic nature made these stem cells away from clinical application. Today, various types of stem cells like embryonic, fetal or gestational tissue, mesenchymal and induced-pluripotent stem cells are under investigation for their clinical application. Tissue engineering helps in configuring the stem cells to develop into a desired viable tissue, to use them clinically as a substitute for the conventional method. The use of stem cell-derived Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) is being studied to replace the stem cells, which decreases the immunological complications associated with the direct administration of stem cells. Tissue engineering also investigates various biomaterials to use clinically, either to replace the bones or as a scaffold to support the growth of stemcells/ tissue. Depending upon the need, there are various biomaterials like bio-ceramics, natural and synthetic biodegradable polymers to support replacement or regeneration of tissue. Like the other fields of science, tissue engineering is also incorporating the nanotechnology to develop nano-scaffolds to provide and support the growth of stem cells with an environment mimicking the Extracellular matrix (ECM) of the desired tissue. Tissue engineering is also used in the modulation of the immune system by using patient-specific Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) and by modifying the physical features of scaffolds that may provoke the immune system. This review describes the use of various stem cells, biomaterials and the impact of nanotechnology in regenerative medicine.

scholarly journals Prospect of Stem Cells in Bone Tissue Engineering: A Review

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Azizeh-Mitra Yousefi ◽  
Paul F. James ◽  
Rosa Akbarzadeh ◽  
Aswati Subramanian ◽  
Conor Flavin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Bone Tissue Engineering ◽  
Bone Tissue ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
3D Scaffold ◽  
Stem Cell Source ◽  
Induced Pluripotent

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been the subject of many studies in recent years, ranging from basic science that looks into MSCs properties to studies that aim for developing bioengineered tissues and organs. Adult bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) have been the focus of most studies due to the inherent potential of these cells to differentiate into various cell types. Although, the discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) represents a paradigm shift in our understanding of cellular differentiation. These cells are another attractive stem cell source because of their ability to be reprogramed, allowing the generation of multiple cell types from a single cell. This paper briefly covers various types of stem cell sources that have been used for tissue engineering applications, with a focus on bone regeneration. Then, an overview of some recent studies making use of MSC-seeded 3D scaffold systems for bone tissue engineering has been presented. The emphasis has been placed on the reported scaffold properties that tend to improve MSCs adhesion, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation outcomes.

scholarly journals Efforts to enhance blood stem cell engraftment: Recent insights from zebrafish hematopoiesis

2017 ◽  
Vol 214 (10) ◽  
pp. 2817-2827 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie R. Perlin ◽  
Anne L. Robertson ◽  
Leonard I. Zon
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽  
Hematological Malignancies ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Patient Specific ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
Cell Engraftment ◽  
Induced Pluripotent

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is an important therapy for patients with a variety of hematological malignancies. HSCT would be greatly improved if patient-specific hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) could be generated from induced pluripotent stem cells in vitro. There is an incomplete understanding of the genes and signals involved in HSC induction, migration, maintenance, and niche engraftment. Recent studies in zebrafish have revealed novel genes that are required for HSC induction and niche regulation of HSC homeostasis. Manipulation of these signaling pathways and cell types may improve HSC bioengineering, which could significantly advance critical, lifesaving HSCT therapies.

scholarly journals Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes as Research and Therapeutic Tools

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivana Acimovic ◽  
Aleksandra Vilotic ◽  
Martin Pesl ◽  
Alain Lacampagne ◽  
Petr Dvorak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽  
Drug Testing ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Patient Specific ◽  
Disease Modelling ◽  
Therapeutic Tools ◽  
Induced Pluripotent

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), namely, embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), with their ability of indefinite self-renewal and capability to differentiate into cell types derivatives of all three germ layers, represent a powerful research tool in developmental biology, for drug screening, disease modelling, and potentially cell replacement therapy. Efficient differentiation protocols that would result in the cell type of our interest are needed for maximal exploitation of these cells. In the present work, we aim at focusing on the protocols for differentiation of hPSCs into functional cardiomyocytesin vitroas well as achievements in the heart disease modelling and drug testing on the patient-specific iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs).

Clinical Application of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in Cardiovascular Medicine

Cardiology ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 131 (4) ◽  
pp. 236-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong-jie Chi ◽  
Song Gao ◽  
Xin-chun Yang ◽  
Jun Cai ◽  
Wen-shu Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽  
Clinical Application ◽  
Drug Screening ◽  
Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽  
Disease Diagnosis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Patient Specific ◽  
Human Ipscs ◽  
Induced Pluripotent

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are generated by reprogramming human somatic cells through the overexpression of four transcription factors: Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-Myc. iPSCs are capable of indefinite self-renewal, and they can differentiate into almost any type of cell in the body. These cells therefore offer a highly valuable therapeutic strategy for tissue repair and regeneration. Recent experimental and preclinical research has revealed their potential for cardiovascular disease diagnosis, drug screening and cellular replacement therapy. Nevertheless, significant challenges remain in terms of the development and clinical application of human iPSCs. Here, we review current progress in research related to patient-specific iPSCs for ex vivo modeling of cardiovascular disorders and drug screening, and explore the potential of human iPSCs for use in the field of cardiovascular regenerative medicine.

scholarly journals The Impact of Stem Cells on Dentistry – A Review

2015 ◽  
Vol 03 (02) ◽  
pp. 060-065
Author(s):  
Marry Singla ◽  
Vinay Dua ◽  
A Reddy ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Mucosal Cells ◽  
Clinical Interest ◽  
Induced Pluripotent ◽  
Craniofacial Defects ◽  
Biochemical Signals ◽  
Different Cell Types ◽  
The Impact

AbstractRecent studies suggest that Stem Cells being used for a number of regenerative diseases. Stem cells can self-renew and produce different cell types, thus providing new strategies to regenerate missing tissues and treat diseases. In the field of dentistry, adult mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) have been identified in several oral tissues, which suggests that the oral tissues are a rich source of stem cells, and oral stem and mucosal cells are expected to provide an ideal source for genetically reprogrammed cells such as induced pluripotent stem (IPS) cells. Furthermore, oral tissues are expected to be not only a source but also a therapeutic target for stem cells, as stem cell and tissue engineering therapies in dentistry continue to attract increasing clinical interest. With appropriate biochemical signals stem cells can be transformed into desirable cells. The idea behind this article is to shortly review the obtained literature on stem cell with respect to their properties, types and advantages of dental stem cells. Emphasis has been given to the possibilities of stem cell therapy including regeneration of tooth and craniofacial defects.

scholarly journals Adrenal glands stem cells: general signaling pathways

2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 90-97
Author(s):  
O. V. Glazova ◽  
M. V. Vorontsova ◽  
L. V. Shevkova ◽  
N. Sakr ◽  
N. A. Onyanov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Patient Specific ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Adult Type ◽  
New Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Induced Pluripotent

 Nowadays stem cells of adult type are attractive in case of active development of cell and genome technologies. They are the target of new therapeutic approaches, which are based on correction of mutations or replenishment of organs, that were damaged by autoimmune reactions, aging or other pathological processes. Also stem cells, including patient-specific (induced Pluripotent Stem Cells, iPSCs), and obtained by differentiation from them tissue cultures and organoids are the closest models to in vivo researches on humans, which gives an opportunity to get more relevant data while testing different therapeutic approaches and pharmacological drugs. The main molecular pathways, that are essential for homeostasis of a cortex of a adrenal gland — compound, structurally and functionally heterogeneous organ, is described the presented review. The adrenal cortex is renewing during the organism’s ontogenesis at the expense of the pool of stem and progenitors cells, which are in tight junctions with differentiated steroidogenic cells and which are under constant control of endocrine and paracrine signals. The understanding of signaling pathways and interactions of different cell types will give an opportunity to develop the most suitable protocols for obtaining cells of adrenal gland cortex in a different stages of differentiation to use them in scientific and medical purposes. 

scholarly journals The Impact of Simulated and Real Microgravity on Bone Cells and Mesenchymal Stem Cells

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Ulbrich ◽  
Markus Wehland ◽  
Jessica Pietsch ◽  
Ganna Aleshcheva ◽  
Petra Wise ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Drug Testing ◽  
Bone Cells ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
3D Structures ◽  
The Impact

How microgravity affects the biology of human cells and the formation of 3D cell cultures in real and simulated microgravity (r- and s-µg) is currently a hot topic in biomedicine. In r- and s-µg, various cell types were found to form 3D structures. This review will focus on the current knowledge of tissue engineering in space and on Earth using systems such as the random positioning machine (RPM), the 2D-clinostat, or the NASA-developed rotating wall vessel bioreactor (RWV) to create tissue from bone, tumor, and mesenchymal stem cells. To understand the development of 3D structures,in vitroexperiments using s-µgdevices can provide valuable information about modulations in signal-transduction, cell adhesion, or extracellular matrix induced by altered gravity conditions. These systems also facilitate the analysis of the impact of growth factors, hormones, or drugs on these tissue-like constructs. Progress has been made in bone tissue engineering using the RWV, and multicellular tumor spheroids (MCTS), formed in both r- and s-µg, have been reported and were analyzed in depth. Currently, these MCTS are available for drug testing and proteomic investigations. This review provides an overview of the influence ofµgon the aforementioned cells and an outlook for future perspectives in tissue engineering.

scholarly journals Novel Implications of Tissue Engineering in the Treatment and Management of Rotator Cuff Tendinopathy

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanchez TC ◽  
◽  
Diaz CG ◽  
George T ◽  
Eaton V ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Tendon Repair ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Multipotent Stem Cells ◽  
Complex Processes ◽  
Clinically Significant ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Induced Pluripotent

Tendinopathy encompasses one of the most common and debilitating group of injuries in persons of all age. Current treatments range from rest and ice to more invasive mechanisms such as surgical repair or artificial tendon recreation. In recent years, there has been a push to study minimally invasive treatments to aid in the regeneration and repair of damaged tendons. These treatments are yet to show reproducible clinically significant improvement over placebo treatments. Years of research has been put into synthesizing different materials to create scaffolds including metals, bioactive glasses, natural and synthetic polymers. These scaffolds are constructed through one of a variety or complex processes from 3D printing to solvent leaching. These different mechanisms of creation and materials used allow the scaffolds to embody different properties including pore size, thermal stability, strength and pliability. This allows for the utilization of tissue engineering in a multitude of in vivo environments. Many different cell types are used to seed scaffolds including tenocytes, multipotent stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells. Scaffolds show promise as a delivery system for drugs as well as cytokines and growth factors. Tissue engineering is a novel field of study that shows promise not only for tendon repair but the field of orthopedics as a whole. This paper focuses on systematic review of the principles of tissue engineering and the implications in tendinopathy.

In vitro pathological modelling using patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells: the case of progeria

2011 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 1775-1779 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xavier Nissan ◽  
Sophie Blondel ◽  
Marc Peschanski
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽  
Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽  
Systemic Disease ◽  
Accelerated Aging ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Patient Specific ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Induced Pluripotent

Progeria, also known as HGPS (Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome), is a rare fatal genetic disease characterized by an appearance of accelerated aging in children. This syndrome is typically caused by mutations in codon 608 (C1804T) of the gene encoding lamins A and C, LMNA, leading to the production of a truncated form of the protein called progerin. Owing to their unique potential to self-renew and to differentiate into any cell types of the organism, pluripotent stem cells offer a unique tool to study molecular and cellular mechanisms related to this global and systemic disease. Recent studies have exploited this potential by generating human induced pluripotent stem cells from HGPS patients' fibroblasts displaying several phenotypic defects characteristic of HGPS such as nuclear abnormalities, progerin expression, altered DNA-repair mechanisms and premature senescence. Altogether, these findings provide new insights on the use of pluripotent stem cells for pathological modelling and may open original therapeutic perspectives for diseases that lack pre-clinical in vitro human models, such as HGPS.

scholarly journals Pathogenesis Study of Down Syndrome Prone to Leukemia Using iPSCs from Trisomy 21 Patients

Blood ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 132 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. 5085-5085
Author(s):  
Hui Jin ◽  
Zijuan Wu ◽  
Handong Sun ◽  
Jianyong Li
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Drug Targets ◽  
Erythroid Differentiation ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Patient Specific ◽  
Potential Drug ◽  
Induced Pluripotent ◽  
Potential Drug Targets

Abstract Aims Down syndrome (DS) is the most frequent single cause of human birth defects and intellectual disability (ID). Its etiology has been known for over 50 years, DS is caused by trisomy of chromosome 21 (Ts21). In addition, there are more evidences in clinical show that patients of DS are also have high incidence of leukemia, but its underlying mechanisms have yet to be discovered. Elucidation of these mechanisms has been hindered by the difficulties in isolating and expanding enough hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) from the patients. Circular RNAs (CircRNAs) are a novel type of endogenous noncoding RNAs that reported to play important roles in biological and pathological processes. Our present study aims to investigate the pathogenesis of Down Syndrome prone to leukemia using iPSCs from DS patients and the modulation mechansim of key target gene and circRNAs. Methods To overcome the limitation of clinical sample resources, we developed Ts21-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from mononuclear cells using Episomal vectors which highly express Oct4,Sox2 and Klf4. Under certain conditions, these Ts-21 specific iPSCs could be further induced into any cell types, including HSCs. Next, we induced the patient-specific iPSCs differentiate into HSCs under serum free and feeder-free condition in vitro. By using flow cytometry, qRT-PCR and CFU assays, we have made well comparisons between HSCs derived from TS-21 iPSCs and control iPSCs, and expolre the pathological feature and mechanisms. By performing circRNA-seq analysis, we identified key circRNA and its host gene regulatory networks in DS with hematopoietic disorder. On the basis of that, we can further search for the potential drug targets that effective against leukemia of DS patients. Results We show here by gene sequencing, karyotyping and immunohistochemistry staining, the initial characterization of the patient-specific induced pluripotent stem are confirmed to be fully reprogrammed and they still carry the original mutation. These cells can be used for screening approaches and can be modified for loss- and gain-of-function strategies to identify pathways and test candidate mechanisms. We have observed that myeloid differentiation potential of HSCs derived from DS patients was significantly higher than normal patinets. DS-iPSCs exhibited a 2-4 fold increase in a population of CD43+/GPA+ hematopoietic cells, accompanied by increased multilineage colony-forming potential in CFU assays.During this process, has_circ_0082802 was significantly up-regulated. After knockdown of has_circ_0082802 using shRNAs, the erythroid differentiation level as well as cell proliferation were decreased. The potential modulation mechansim of them will be further explored. Conclusion We established the cellular models of DS patients and derived differentiation into different cell types in vitro, which has the similar function with patient HSCs. On the basis of that, we found has_circ_0082802 may play important role in erythroid differentiation. We can further search for the potential drug targets that effective against leukemia of DS patients. This approach would provide a powerful cell resource for clinical research and a useful model for the study of the mechanisms of DS-AML Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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