scholarly journals Impact of Energetic Electron Precipitation on the Upper Atmosphere: Nitric Monoxide

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Vialatte ◽  
M. Barthélemy ◽  
J. Lilensten
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Solar Activity ◽  
Energetic Electron ◽  
Auroral Zone ◽  
Upper Atmosphere ◽  
Electron Precipitation ◽  
No Production ◽  
Neutral Atmosphere ◽  
Heating Rates ◽  
Production Rates

Background:Nitric oxide concentration in the upper atmosphere is known to be highly dependent on the solar activity. It can be transported to the stratosphere by the atmospheric circulation. In the stratosphere it is responsible for the destruction of ozone and consequently stratospheric heating rates are affected. This is one of the mechanisms by which solar variability has been suspected to drive variability in the energetic budget of the Earth climate. Therefore, it is essential to know every physical and chemical processes leading to the production or to a destruction of nitric oxide.Aim:The aim of this work is to calculate the production rate of NO+and some of the NO electronic states created by electron impact on NO at night in the auroral zone using an electron transport code.Conclusion:We study this variability under different precipitation conditions and taking into account the variability of the neutral atmosphere with the geomagnetic and solar activity. We find that the energetic electron precipitation has a very small effect on the absolute value of the NO+and NO* production rates. In order to help further research to consider the effect of NO+and NO*, we provide a table of all the production rates in a medium solar and geomagnetic activity case.

Nitric oxide production and absorption in trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and respiratory bronchioles of humans

1999 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 159-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur B. DuBois ◽  
Patrick M. Kelley ◽  
James S. Douglas ◽  
Vahid Mohsenin
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Breath Holding ◽  
No Production ◽  
Production Rates ◽  
Oral Production ◽  
Clean Air ◽  
Equilibrium Concentrations ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Young Subjects ◽  
No Absorption

Different volumes of dead-space gas were collected and analyzed for nitric oxide (NO) content, either immediately after inspiration or after a period of breath holding on clean air or NO mixtures. This allowed calculation of NO equilibrium, NO production, and NO absorption. In seven young, healthy, adult nonsmokers, the mean NO equilibrium values in parts per billion (ppb) were 56 ± 11 (SE) in the trachea, 37 ± 6 in the bronchi, 21 ± 3 in the bronchioles, and 16 ± 2 in the respiratory bronchioles. At any given NO concentration, the NO absorption rate (in nl/min) equaled the NO concentration (in ppb) times A (the absorption coefficient in l/min). A values (in l/min) were 0.11 ± 0.01 in the trachea, 0.17 ± 0.04 in the bronchi, 0.66 ± 0.09 in the bronchioles, and 1.35 ± 0.32 in the respiratory bronchioles. NO equilibrium concentrations and production rates in one 74-yr-old subject were three to five times as high as those found in the young subjects. Mouth equilibrium NO concentrations were 3 and 6 parts per million in two subjects who had oral production rates of 6 and 23 nl/min, respectively. In conclusion, production and absorption of NO occur throughout the first 450 ml of the airways.

scholarly journals Determination of dissolved nitric oxide in coastal waters of the Yellow Sea off Qingdao

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chun-Ying Liu ◽  
Wei-Hua Feng ◽  
Ye Tian ◽  
Gui-Peng Yang ◽  
Pei-Feng Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Detection Limit ◽  
Coastal Waters ◽  
Yellow Sea ◽  
The Yellow Sea ◽  
No Production ◽  
Spatial Distributions ◽  
Production Rates ◽  
Temporal And Spatial

Abstract. We developed a new method for the determination of dissolved nitric oxide (NO) in discrete seawater samples based on a combination of a purge-and-trap set-up and fluorometric detection of NO. 2,3-diaminonaphthalene (DAN) reacts with NO in seawater to form the highly fluorescent 2,3-naphthotriazole (NAT). The fluorescence intensity was linear for NO concentrations in the range from 0.14 nmol L−1 to 19 nmol L−1. We determined a detection limit of 0.068 nmol L−1, an average recovery coefficient of 83.8 % (80.2–90.0 %), and a relative standard deviation of ±7.2 %. With our method we determined for the first time the temporal and spatial distributions of NO surface concentrations in coastal waters of the Yellow Sea off Qingdao and in Jiaozhou Bay during a cruise in November 2009. The concentrations of NO varied from below the detection limit to 0.50 nmol L−1 with an average of 0.26 ± 0.14 nmol L−1. NO surface concentrations were generally enhanced significantly during daytime implying that NO formation processes such as NO2− photolysis are much higher during daytime than chemical NO consumption which, in turn, lead to a significant decrease of NO concentrations during nighttime. In general, NO surface concentrations and measured NO production rates were higher compared to previously reported measurements. This might be caused by the high NO2− surface concentrations encountered during the cruise. Moreover, additional measurements of NO production rates implied that the occurrence of particles and a temperature increase can enhance NO production rates. With the method introduced here we have a reliable and comparably easy to use method at hand to measure oceanic NO surface concentrations which can be used to decipher both its temporal and spatial distributions as well as its biogeochemical pathways in the oceans.

Energetic electron precipitation in Jupiter's upper atmosphere

1992 ◽  
Vol 97 (E11) ◽  
pp. 18245 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. Singhal ◽  
S. C. Chakravarty ◽  
A. Bhardwaj ◽  
B. Prasad
Keyword(s):  
Energetic Electron ◽  
Upper Atmosphere ◽  
Electron Precipitation

scholarly journals Direct observations of nitric oxide produced by energetic electron precipitation into the Antarctic middle atmosphere

2011 ◽  
Vol 38 (20) ◽  
pp. n/a-n/a ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Newnham ◽  
Patrick J. Espy ◽  
Mark A. Clilverd ◽  
Craig J. Rodger ◽  
Annika Seppälä ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Middle Atmosphere ◽  
Energetic Electron ◽  
Electron Precipitation ◽  
Direct Observations ◽  
The Antarctic

scholarly journals Determination of dissolved nitric oxide in coastal waters of the Yellow Sea off Qingdao

Ocean Science ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 623-632 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chun-Ying Liu ◽  
Wei-Hua Feng ◽  
Ye Tian ◽  
Gui-Peng Yang ◽  
Pei-Feng Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Detection Limit ◽  
Coastal Waters ◽  
Yellow Sea ◽  
The Yellow Sea ◽  
No Production ◽  
Spatial Distributions ◽  
Production Rates ◽  
Temporal And Spatial

Abstract. We developed a new method for the determination of dissolved nitric oxide (NO) in discrete seawater samples based on the combination of a purge-and-trap setup and a fluorometric detection of NO. 2,3-diaminonaphthalene (DAN) reacts with NO in seawater to form the highly fluorescent 2,3-naphthotriazole (NAT). The fluorescence intensity was linear for NO concentrations in the range from 0.14 to 19 nmol L−1. We determined a detection limit of 0.068 nmol L−1, an average recovery coefficient of 83.8 % (80.2–90.0 %), and a relative standard deviation of ±7.2 %. With our method we determined for the first time the temporal and spatial distributions of NO surface concentrations in coastal waters of the Yellow Sea off Qingdao and in Jiaozhou Bay during a cruise in November 2009. The concentrations of NO varied from below the detection limit to 0.50 nmol L−1 with an average of 0.26 ± 0.14 nmol L−1. NO surface concentrations were generally enhanced significantly during daytime, implying that NO formation processes such as NO2− photolysis are much higher during daytime than chemical NO consumption, which, in turn, lead to a significant decrease in NO concentrations during nighttime. In general, NO surface concentrations and measured NO production rates were higher compared to previously reported measurements. This might be caused by the high NO2− surface concentrations encountered during the cruise. Moreover, additional measurements of NO production rates implied that the occurrence of particles and a temperature increase can enhance NO production rates. With the method introduced here, we have a reliable and comparably easy to use method at hand to measure oceanic NO surface concentrations, which can be used to decipher both its temporal and spatial distributions as well as its biogeochemical pathways in the oceans.

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