A New Method to Prescribe Wedges Custom Made For Individuals With Transfemoral Amputation Using Principal Component Analysis

Objective: Wedges custom made have been used to improve the gait pattern of individuals with transfemoral (TF) Amputation. However, the prescription and test of these wedges is mostly based on a highly subjective gait evaluation. The purpose of this study was to develop a rational and quantitative method to prescribe wedges custom made for the sound limb of individuals with TF using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Method: First, the effect of different wedges was assessed in able-bodied subjects (CG). Second, using the influence of the wedges in CG, and the gait pattern of each TF individually, wedges were prescribed in order to modify their gait according to the specific effect of each wedge. The variables analyzed were the ground reaction force components and center of pressure displacement. The Mahalanobis distance for each variable and the 95% confidence interval (CI) based on CG data was calculated. Results showed, by the Mahalanobis distance of the variables, that TF subjects improved their gait pattern, TF subjects improved their gait; the variables that were out of the boundaries of 95% CI of CG, moved inside these boundaries with the use of wedges. Result: The application of wedges to the sound limb of TF amputees can improve their gait patterns, thus the application of PCA can help clinicians to decide the best device for each patient, and consequently improve TF patient quality of life.

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Principal component analysis in ground reaction forces and center of pressure gait waveforms of people with transfemoral amputation

Prosthetics and Orthotics International ◽

10.1177/0309364615612634 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 40 (6) ◽

pp. 729-738 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Denise Paschoal Soares ◽

Marcelo Peduzzi de Castro ◽

Emilia Assunção Mendes ◽

Leandro Machado

Keyword(s):

Principal Component Analysis ◽

Ground Reaction Force ◽

Center Of Pressure ◽

Reaction Force ◽

Principal Component ◽

Component Analysis ◽

Lower Limbs ◽

Transfemoral Amputation ◽

Convenience Sample ◽

Anterior Posterior

Background: The alterations in gait pattern of people with transfemoral amputation leave them more susceptible to musculoskeletal injury. Principal component analysis is a method that reduces the amount of gait data and allows analyzing the entire waveform. Objectives: To use the principal component analysis to compare the ground reaction force and center of pressure displacement waveforms obtained during gait between able-bodied subjects and both limbs of individuals with transfemoral amputation. Study design: This is a transversal study with a convenience sample. Methods: We used a force plate and pressure plate to record the anterior–posterior, medial–lateral and vertical ground reaction force, and anterior–posterior and medial–lateral center of pressure positions of 12 participants with transfemoral amputation and 20 able-bodied subjects during gait. The principal component analysis was performed to compare the gait waveforms between the participants with transfemoral amputation and the able-bodied individuals. Results: The principal component analysis model explained between 74% and 93% of the data variance. In all ground reaction force and center of pressure waveforms relevant portions were identified; and always at least one principal component presented scores statistically different ( p < 0.05) between the groups of participants in these relevant portions. Conclusion: Principal component analysis was able to discriminate many portions of the stance phase between both lower limbs of people with transfemoral amputation compared to the able-bodied participants. Clinical relevance Principal component analysis reduced the amount of data, allowed analyzing the whole waveform, and identified specific sub-phases of gait that were different between the groups. Therefore, this approach seems to be a powerful tool to be used in gait evaluation and following the rehabilitation status of people with transfemoral amputation.

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Principal Component Analysis of Vertical Ground Reaction Force: A Powerful Method to Discriminate Normal and Abnormal Gait and Assess Treatment

2006 International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society ◽

10.1109/iembs.2006.4397999 ◽

2006 ◽

Author(s):

A. M. S. Muniz ◽

E. F. Manfio ◽

M. C. Andrade ◽

J. Nadal

Keyword(s):

Principal Component Analysis ◽

Ground Reaction Force ◽

Reaction Force ◽

Principal Component ◽

Component Analysis ◽

Powerful Method ◽

Vertical Ground Reaction Force ◽

Abnormal Gait ◽

Vertical Ground

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Principal Component Analysis of the Running Ground Reaction Forces With Different Speeds

Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology ◽

10.3389/fbioe.2021.629809 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

Author(s):

Lin Yu ◽

Qichang Mei ◽

Liangliang Xiang ◽

Wei Liu ◽

Nur Ikhwan Mohamad ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Principal Component Analysis ◽

Loading Rate ◽

Reaction Force ◽

Principal Component ◽

Component Analysis ◽

Heel Strike ◽

Impact Peak ◽

Reaction Forces ◽

The Difference ◽

Second Peak

Ground reaction force (GRF) is a key metric in biomechanical research, including parameters of loading rate (LR), first impact peak, second impact peak, and transient between first and second impact peaks in heel strike runners. The GRFs vary over time during stance. This study was aimed to investigate the variances of GRFs in rearfoot striking runners across incremental speeds. Thirty female and male runners joined the running tests on the instrumented treadmill with speeds of 2.7, 3.0, 3.3, and 3.7 m/s. The discrete parameters of vertical average loading rate in the current study are consistent with the literature findings. The principal component analysis was modeled to investigate the main variances (95%) in the GRFs over stance. The females varied in the magnitude of braking and propulsive forces (PC1, 84.93%), whereas the male runners varied in the timing of propulsion (PC1, 53.38%). The female runners dominantly varied in the transient between the first and second peaks of vertical GRF (PC1, 36.52%) and LR (PC2, 33.76%), whereas the males variated in the LR and second peak of vertical GRF (PC1, 78.69%). Knowledge reported in the current study suggested the difference of the magnitude and patterns of GRF between male and female runners across different speeds. These findings may have implications for the prevention of sex-specific running-related injuries and could be integrated with wearable signals for the in-field prediction and estimation of impact loadings and GRFs.

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Age-independent and age-dependent sex differences in gait pattern determined by principal component analysis

Gait & Posture ◽

10.1016/j.gaitpost.2016.01.021 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 46 ◽

pp. 11-17 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

Yoshiyuki Kobayashi ◽

Hiroaki Hobara ◽

Thijs A. Heldoorn ◽

Makiko Kouchi ◽

Masaaki Mochimaru

Keyword(s):

Principal Component Analysis ◽

Sex Differences ◽

Principal Component ◽

Component Analysis ◽

Gait Pattern ◽

Age Dependent ◽

Age Independent

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The Differences in Gait Pattern Between Dancers and Non-Dancers

Journal of Mechanics ◽

10.1017/s1727719100002562 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 24 (4) ◽

pp. 451-457 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

C. -W. Lung ◽

J. -S. Chern ◽

L. -F. Hsieh ◽

S. -W. Yang

Keyword(s):

Ankle Sprain ◽

Healthy Subjects ◽

Center Of Pressure ◽

Reaction Force ◽

High Stress ◽

Gait Pattern ◽

Swing Phase ◽

Gait Patterns ◽

Gait Characteristics ◽

Walking Pattern

AbstractStudents in dancing department routinely perform hours of dancing every day. Extreme ankle posture can subject the ankle of the dancers to high stress and can significantly increase the mobility of the ankle. This causes ankle sprain which occurs frequently during daily walking. Measurements of the ground reaction force (GRF) and the center of pressure (CoP) provide useful variables to analyze the walking patterns of dancers, which might help understand the causes of ankle sprain. The aims of this work were (1) to investigate the differences in gait patterns between dancers and non-dancers and (2) to explore the gait characteristics in dancers. Thirteen students in dancing department and twenty age-matched normal healthy subjects were recruited. All subjects were requested to walk along a 10-meter walkway. Results showed that the dancers have greater medial shear force of the GRF, and decreased the CoP velocity during the pre-swing phase, delayed peak-CoP velocity occurrence during the mid-stance, and straighter CoP trajectory through the forefoot at push off. The intense and demanding dancing activities change the walking pattern of dancers, which may lead to higher chance of getting ankle sprain.

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IDENTIFICATION OF KNEE FRONTAL PLANE KINEMATIC PATTERNS IN NORMAL GAIT BY PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS

Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology ◽

10.1142/s0219519413500267 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 13 (03) ◽

pp. 1350026 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

NEILA MEZGHANI ◽

ALEXANDRE FUENTES ◽

NATHALY GAUDREAULT ◽

AMAR MITICHE ◽

RACHID AISSAOUI ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Principal Component Analysis ◽

Stance Phase ◽

Large Population ◽

Frontal Plane ◽

Principal Component ◽

Component Analysis ◽

Swing Phase ◽

Statistical Hypothesis ◽

Gait Patterns ◽

Phase Cluster

The purpose of this study was to identify meaningful gait patterns in knee frontal plane kinematics from a large population of asymptomatic individuals. The proposed method used principal component analysis (PCA). It first reduced the data dimensionality, without loss of relevant information, by projecting the original kinematic data onto a subspace of significant principal components (PCs). This was followed by a discriminant model to separate the individuals' gait into homogeneous groups. Four descriptive gait patterns were identified and validated by clustering silhouette width and statistical hypothesis testing. The first pattern was close to neutral during the stance phase and in adduction during the swing phase (Cluster 1). The second pattern was in abduction during the stance phase and tends into adduction during the swing phase (Cluster 2). The third pattern was close to neutral during the stance phase and in abduction during the swing phase (Cluster 3) and the fourth was in abduction during both the stance and the swing phase (Cluster 4).

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Comparison of different marker sets for marker trajectory and principal component analysis based classification of simulated gait impairments

Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics ◽

10.5430/jbei.v3n1p10 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 10

Author(s):

Josef Christian ◽

Felix Kluge ◽

Björn M Eskofier ◽

Hermann Schwameder

Keyword(s):

Principal Component Analysis ◽

Principal Component ◽

Component Analysis ◽

Specific Marker ◽

Gait Patterns ◽

Gait Classification ◽

Functional Aspects ◽

Improved Performance ◽

High Level ◽

Gait Impairments

Objective: Many different marker sets have been used in marker trajectory based gait classification approaches. Little knowledge exists about the effects of specific marker sets on the subsequent statistical modeling. Such analysis is often based on principal component analysis. The aim of this study was to test the effect of marker set choice on marker trajectory and principal component analysis based gait classification. Methods: This study tested the performance of principal component analysis based gait classification models with various marker sets on the basis of simulated gait impairments. Simulated gait impairments were used to enable a high level of control of the gait patterns. Results: Classification accuracies were similar across most tested marker sets. Improved performance could be detected for some marker sets depending on the type of impairment. Conclusion: Several potentially valid marker sets exist for a specific gait classification task even though trends could be found suggesting that optimal marker set choice is dependent on functional aspects of the movement.

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