Vivianite Occurrence and Remediation Techniques in Biosolids Pre-treatment Process

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 (4) ◽  
pp. 103-117
Author(s):  
Bipin Pathak ◽  
Ahmed Al-Omari ◽  
Scott Smith ◽  
Nicholas Passarelli ◽  
Ryu Suzuki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Process ◽  
Pre Treatment

Reuse of Wastewaters in Agriculture by Means of Sprinkler Irrigation on a Farmland Area of 3000 ha – Large Scale Experience in Germany

1986 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 163-173
Author(s):  
R. Boll ◽  
R. Kayser
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Treatment Process ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Paper Briefly ◽  
Treatment Results ◽  
Sewage Farm ◽  
Western Germany ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Main Components

The Braunschweig wastewater land treatment system as the largest in Western Germany serves a population of about 270.000 and has an annual flow of around 22 Mio m3. The whole treatment process consists of three main components : a pre-treatment plant as an activated sludge process, a sprinkler irrigation area of 3.000 ha of farmland and an old sewage farm of 200 ha with surface flooding. This paper briefly summarizes the experiences with management and operation of the system, the treatment results with reference to environmental impact, development of agriculture and some financial aspects.

scholarly journals Bioethanolic yeasts from dung beetles: tapping the potential of extremophilic yeasts for improvement of lignocellulolytic feedstock fermentation

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anita Ejiro Nwaefuna ◽  
Karl Rumbold ◽  
Teun Boekhout ◽  
Nerve Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Process ◽  
Dung Beetles ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Industrial Wastes ◽  
Major Drawback ◽  
Renewable Fuel ◽  
Extreme Stress ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Simultaneous Saccharification

AbstractBioethanol from abundant and inexpensive agricultural and industrial wastes possesses the potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Bioethanol as renewable fuel addresses elevated production costs, as well as food security concerns. Although technical advancements in simultaneous saccharification and fermentation have reduced the cost of production, one major drawback of this technology is that the pre-treatment process creates environmental stressors inhibitory to fermentative yeasts subsequently reducing bioethanol productivity. Robust fermentative yeasts with extreme stress tolerance remain limited. This review presents the potential of dung beetles from pristine and unexplored environments as an attractive source of extremophilic bioethanolic yeasts. Dung beetles survive on a recalcitrant lignocellulose-rich diet suggesting the presence of symbiotic yeasts with a cellulolytic potential. Dung beetles inhabiting extreme stress environments have the potential to harbour yeasts with the ability to withstand inhibitory environmental stresses typically associated with bioethanol production. The review further discusses established methods used to isolate bioethanolic yeasts, from dung beetles.

Bioethanol Production of Cellulase Producing Bacteria from Soils of Agrowaste Field

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 643-655
Author(s):  
A. Thomas ◽  
M. Laxmi ◽  
A. Benny
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Process ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Cellulase Production ◽  
Cellulolytic Enzymes ◽  
Bioethanol Production ◽  
Ethanolic Fermentation ◽  
Cellulose Bioconversion ◽  
Congo Red Staining ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
And Staphylococcus Aureus

With decades of studies on cellulose bioconversion, cellulases have been playing an important role in producing fermentable sugars from lignocellulosic biomass. Copious microorganisms that are able to degrade cellulose have been isolated and identified. The present study has been undertaken to isolate and screen the cellulase producing bacteria from soils of agrowaste field. Cellulase production has been qualitatively analyzed in carboxy methylcellulose (CMC) agar medium after congo red staining and NaCl treatment by interpretation with zones around the potent colonies. Out of the seven isolates, only two showed cellulase production. The morphogical and molecular characterization revealed its identity as Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The potential of organisms for bioethanol production has been investigated using two substrates, namely, paper and leaves by subjecting with a pre-treatment process using acid hydrolysis to remove lignin which acts as physical barrier to cellulolytic enzymes. Ethanolic fermentation was done using Saccharomyces cerevisiae for 24-48 h and then the bioethanol produced was qualitatively proved by iodoform assay. These finding proves that ethanol can be made from the agricultural waste and the process is recommended as a means of generating wealth from waste.

2. Adhesion of the plasma-polymerized fluorocarbon films to silicon substrates The adhesion properties of the plasma-polymerized FC coatings were determined by using a test, already employed by Yasuda and Sharma [13] (see Fig. 1 and Table 1) in which the silicon substrates coated with plasma FC-films were boiled in a0.9% sodium chloride solution. The FC thin films produced in the processes 1 and 2 were lifted after a very short time (15 minutes). Coatings generated in process 3 were lifted after the second cycle of boiling. The films produced in processes 4 and 5 withstood the complete test procedure. The results are shown in Fig. 3. The poor adhesion of the polymerized films in the first two processes is due to the fact that these processes do not involve a plasma pre-treatment process. The difference between processes 1 and 3 is only in the plasma pre-treatment (process 1 does not contain the pre-treatment step of the silicon surface). The fluorocarbon films deposited by processes 4 and 5 have shown the best adhesion. These test results indicate that the plasma pre-treatment is very important and necessary for a good adhesion of the FC coatings to the silicon surfaces. 2.3. Patterning of FC films 2.3.1. Patterning through resist mask. The patterning of the FC films through a photoresist mask (conventional All resist AR-P351) was examined after deposition for process No. 5. Different coating parameters were investigated to improve the adhesion of the resist to the FC surface. The best adhesion results were obtained using the process parameters, shown in Table 3. Differences in the thickness uniformity of so-deposited resists were in a range below 5%. The samples were etched in a pure oxygen plasma in an RIE-system after the lithography steps (pre-bake, exposure, development, post-bake). A resolution of 2 /xm was obtained. A significant increase in the surface energy was not observed after resist stripping. The sessile contact angle of water was 103°. 2.3.2. Lift-off process for patterning thin plasma polymerized FC films. A lift-off process was also examined to pattern the thin FC films. The lithography steps were used before the plasma polymerization process was carried out (Fig. 2). A standard resist AR-P351 was coated directly onto the Si substrates. After all lithography

2014 ◽  
pp. 275-278
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Process ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Silicon Surfaces ◽  
Silicon Substrates ◽  
Fluorocarbon Films ◽  
Si Substrates ◽  
Complete Test ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Lift Off

scholarly journals Animal assisted therapy and occupational therapy

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 85
Author(s):  
Paraskevi Vakrinou ◽  
Ioanna Tzonichaki
Keyword(s):  
Therapeutic Relationship ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Treatment Process ◽  
Interdisciplinary Team ◽  
Animal Assisted Therapy ◽  
Therapeutic Tool ◽  
Complementary Method ◽  
Human Animal Bond ◽  
Human Animal ◽  
Pre Treatment

The therapeutic relationship between the therapist and the client is considered as a primarily goal for treatment and a significant factor for the programme success. In recent years, the scientific community has brought to light more and more findings concerning the human-animal bond. Many therapists are already incorporating Animal Assisted Therapy into their program as a complementary method. The Occupational Therapist, by introducing an animal to his sessions and using it as a therapeutic tool to achieve communicative, motor, mental, emotional and sensory goals can greatly benefit the patient. Scientific studies should be carried out in Greece in order to draw conclusions that will help all members of the interdisciplinary team to integrate an animal into the pre-treatment process taking into account factors that affect both one's health and ethical use of the animal. 

Hemp Fiber Reinforced Geopolymer Composites: Effects of NaOH Concentration on Fiber Pre-Treatment Process

2020 ◽  
Vol 841 ◽  
pp. 166-170
Author(s):  
Phattharachai Maichin ◽  
Teewara Suwan ◽  
Peerapong Jitsangiam ◽  
Prinya Chindaprasirt
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Process ◽  
Solution Concentration ◽  
Alkaline Treatment ◽  
The Self ◽  
Hemp Fiber ◽  
Natural Materials ◽  
Hemp Fibers ◽  
Naoh Solution ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Geopolymer Composites

High demand for using parts of natural materials, e.g., cores, fibers or leaves, as alternative additives are being increased. The main reasons are that natural materials can be served as renewable and eco-friendly choices such a sustainable development. Nevertheless, some limitations of applying those natural products, such as biodegradation, UV degradation, or weak bonding, are raised and need to be modified before further handling. One of the modification techniques for bio-based materials is chemical treatment by using alkaline solution (alkalization). Treatment process allows the plant's fiber to have fewer impurities as well as to increase the bonding on its contacting surface area. This research focuses on (i) effects of NaOH solution concentration on the pre-treatment properties of hemp fibers and (ii) self-treatment behavior of hemp fiber in geopolymer composites. The results show that the concentration of NaOH solution directly affected the pre-treatment process of hemp fiber as higher concentration from 1, 3, 5, 8, 10 to 12 Molar provided more vanishing level of fiber impurities, indicated by Contact Angle (CA) measurement and Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy analysis. With the concept of alkaline treatment, the self-treatment process was therefore applied for hemp fiber incorporated in alkaline-activated geopolymer matrix. The results illustrate the self-treatment behavior of hemp fiber in geopolymer composites, which could improve the final performances of the hardened products without conventional pre-treatment process.

scholarly journals Application of Anaerobic and Ozonation Processes in the Landfill Leachate Treatment

2006 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Vilar ◽  
S. Gil ◽  
M. A. Aparicio ◽  
C. Kennes ◽  
M. C. Veiga
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Landfill Leachate ◽  
Biological System ◽  
Contact Time ◽  
Treatment Process ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Leachate Treatment ◽  
Ozone Dose ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Ozonation Process

The optimization of leachate treatment was investigated as well as the configuration of a biological-ozonation process. The leachate used for the experiments was diluted to 1/5 with tap water and treated anaerobically. The anaerobic effluent and the raw leachate were treated with ozone in order to increase their biodegradability getting the minimum organic matter removal. Both were submitted to the ozonation process, applying a constant ozone dose and varying the contact time. The ozonation of raw leachate produced a decrease of COD and BOD5 concentrations as well as BOD5/COD ratios, applying an ozone dose of 38.72 mg/L·min and contact times between 15 and 60 minutes. Ozonation as a pre-treatment process to the biological system did not improve the biodegradability of the raw leachate. The anaerobic effluent from the reactor fed with leachate diluted to 1/5, was subjected to an ozone dose of 34.99 mg/L·min and applying different contact times. BODf values increased from 74.75 up to 1220 mg/L and BODf/COD ratios reached values higher than 1. Then, the application of ozone to the anaerobic effluent led to the improvement of the biodegradability of the leachate as well as the BODf/COD ratio for all the contact times used.

scholarly journals A modified fouling index (MFI40) and fouling predicting approach for ultrafiltration of secondary effluents

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. J. Cai ◽  
I. Baudin ◽  
H. Y. Ng
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Treatment Process ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Operating Pressure ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Positive Role ◽  
Secondary Effluents ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Modified Fouling Index ◽  
Turbidity Increase

Abstract Fouling indices for evaluating fouling propensity of secondary effluents (SEF) as feed of ultrafiltration (UF) systems are important parameters for the design and operation of the UF process. However, limited fouling indices have been developed and applied for UF feedwater. This study (i) established a modified UF fouling index (MFI40) by raising operating pressure from 30 psi in a traditional MFI test to 40 psi. Standard deviation of MFI40 tests was lower than that of traditional MFI by 68.6%, indicating better stability and repeatability of MFI40. It (ii) investigated the combined effects of UF feedwater characteristics on MFI40. Biopolymers and turbidity played a dominant and secondary positive role in the MFI40, respectively. The effect of conductivity on MFI40 changed from positive to negative with a turbidity increase. It also (iii) validated the MFI40 in both laboratory- and pilot-scale UF membrane units, and UF fouling rates were linearly correlated to the MFI40 of their feeds, and (iv) explored the practical use of the MFI40. It was applied to determine the maximum allowable UF feedwater quality (MFI40max), which could be used to select an appropriate pre-treatment process. A fouling predicting model was established based on the feedwater MFI40 and the operating flux, with an average predicting error of 26.8%.

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