scholarly journals MENGGUNAKAN MODEL DINA DALAM PENGEMBANGAN TES DIAGNOSTIK UNTUK MENDETEKSI SALAH KONSEPSI

2013 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 281-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kusaeri Kusaeri
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Test ◽  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Latent Class ◽  
Empirical Test ◽  
Model Fit ◽  
R Software ◽  
Development Stages ◽  
Dina Model ◽  
And Algebra ◽  
Good Diagnostic Test

Penelitian ini bertujuan 1) menemukan cara me-ngembangkan tes diagnostik dengan model DINA, sehingga mampu memberikan informasi salah konsepsi dalam aljabar, 2) mengidentifikasi karakteristik tes diagnostik yang baik yang dikembangkan dengan model DINA. Penelitian pengembangan ini merupakan penelitian empirik, dengan pendekatan deskriptif eksploratori. Pendekatan tersebut digunakan untuk mendeskrip-sikan tahapan pengembangan tes dan mencari karakteristik item. Subjek penelitian adalah siswa kelas VIII SMPN 1 Yogyakarta, SMPN 1 Sanden Bantul dan SMPN 1 Panjatan Kulon Progo. Data dianalisis dengan software CDM, Mplus dan R. Hasil penelitian menunjukan 1) tahapan pengembangan tes meliputi: identifikasi kompetensi dasar dan merumuskan indi-kator, menyusun learning continuum, menyusun hierarki materi, merumuskan atribut, mengonstruk soal, validasi ahli dan uji empirik. Setelah melalui tujuh tahapan, dikembangkan 37 item tes diagnostik, 2) dari 37 item tes diagnostik, 15 item di antaranya harus dihilangkan/dihapus dari paket tes,  karena tidak memenuhi uji fit model dan kualitas item tersebut jelek (indeks daya beda kurang dari 0,2).Kata kunci: DINA, latent class, atribut, salah konsepsi, dan aljabar _____________________________________________________________ DINA IN DEVELOPMENT MODEL USING DIAGNOSTIC TESTS FOR DETECTING WRONG CONCEPTIONAbstract This research aims to 1) find out a way to develop the diagnostic test  using the DINA model, so that it can give information about misconceptions in algebra, 2) Identify the characteristics of the good diagnostic test developed by using the DINA model. This research and development  is an empirical research with the descriptive explanatory used to describe the development stages of the test. The subjects of this research were year VIII students of SMPN 1 Yogyakarta, SMPN 1 Sanden Bantul, and SMPN 1 Panjatan, Kulon Progo. The data were analyzed by using the CDM, Mplus, and R software. The results of the study are as follows 1) The stages of the test development in this research were: identifying basic competence and formulating indicators, constructing the learning continuum, constructing the material hierarchy, formulating the attributes, constructing the problems, conducting validation by expert judgment, and administering an empirical test. Through those seven stages, 37 items of the diagnostic test were developed, 2) Of the 37 items, 15 items must be eliminated/discarded from the test. The items were eliminated because their quality was low and they did not meet the requirements of the model fit test because their discrimination indexes were less than 0.2.Keywords: DINA, latent class, attribute, misconceptions, and algebra

scholarly journals The Use of Latent Class Analysis to Estimate the Sensitivities and Specificities of Diagnostic Tests for Squash vein yellowing virus in Cucurbit Species When There Is No Gold Standard

2013 ◽  
Vol 103 (12) ◽  
pp. 1243-1251 ◽  
Author(s):  
William W. Turechek ◽  
Craig G. Webster ◽  
Jingyi Duan ◽  
Pamela D. Roberts ◽  
Chandrasekar S. Kousik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Latent Class Analysis ◽  
Diagnostic Test ◽  
Test Performance ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Latent Class ◽  
Visual Assessment ◽  
Class Analysis ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Yellowing Virus

Squash vein yellowing virus (SqVYV) is the causal agent of viral watermelon vine decline, one of the most serious diseases in watermelon (Citrullus lanatus L.) production in the southeastern United States. At present, there is not a gold standard diagnostic test for determining the true status of SqVYV infection in plants. Current diagnostic methods for identification of SqVYV-infected plants or tissues are based on the reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), tissue blot nucleic acid hybridization assays (TB), and expression of visual symptoms. A quantitative assessment of the performance of these diagnostic tests is lacking, which may lead to an incorrect interpretation of results. In this study, latent class analysis (LCA) was used to estimate the sensitivities and specificities of RT-PCR, TB, and visual assessment of symptoms as diagnostic tests for SqVYV. The LCA model assumes that the observed diagnostic test responses are linked to an underlying latent (nonobserved) disease status of the population, and can be used to estimate sensitivity and specificity of the individual tests, as well as to derive an estimate of the incidence of disease when a gold standard test does not exist. LCA can also be expanded to evaluate the effect of factors and was done here to determine whether diagnostic test performances varied among the type of plant tissue being tested (crown versus vine tissue), where plant samples were taken relative to the position of the crown (i.e., distance from the crown), host (i.e., genus), and habitat (field-grown versus greenhouse-grown plants). Results showed that RT-PCR had the highest sensitivity (0.94) and specificity (0.98) of the three tests. TB had better sensitivity than symptoms for detection of SqVYV infection (0.70 versus 0.32), while the visual assessment of symptoms was more specific than TB and, thus, a better indicator of noninfection (0.98 versus 0.65). With respect to the grouping variables, RT-PCR and TB had better sensitivity but poorer specificity for diagnosing SqVYV infection in crown tissue than it did in vine tissue, whereas symptoms had very poor sensitivity but excellent specificity in both tissues for all cucurbits analyzed in this study. Test performance also varied with habitat and genus but not with distance from the crown. The results given here provide quantitative measurements of test performance for a range of conditions and provide the information needed to interpret test results when tests are used in parallel or serial combination for a diagnosis.

Implications of covariate induced test dependence on the diagnostic accuracy of latent class analysis in pulmonary tuberculosis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfred Kipyegon Keter ◽  
Lutgarde Lynen ◽  
Alastair van Heerden ◽  
Els Goetghebeur ◽  
Bart K.M. Jacobs
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Diagnostic Accuracy ◽  
Diagnostic Test ◽  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Latent Class ◽  
Test Accuracy ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Test Sensitivity ◽  
Correct Estimation

Abstract Background Lack of a perfect reference standard for pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) diagnosis complicates assessment of accuracy of new diagnostic tests. Alternative strategies such as discrepant resolution and use of composite reference standards may lead to incorrect inferences on disease prevalence and diagnostic test sensitivity and specificity. Latent class analysis (LCA), a statistical method for analyzing diagnostic test results in the absence of a gold standard, allows correct estimation under strict assumptions. The model assumes that the diagnostic tests are independent conditional on the true disease status and that the diagnostic test sensitivity and specificity remain constant across subpopulations. These assumptions are violated when a factor such as severe comorbidity affects the prevalence and/or alters the diagnostic test performance. We aim to provide guidance on correct estimation of the prevalence and diagnostic test accuracy based on LCA when a known factor induces dependence among the diagnostic tests. If unaccounted for, this dependence may lead to misleading inferences. Methods Through likelihood evaluation and simulation we examined implications of likely model violations on estimation of prevalence, sensitivity and specificity among passive case-finding presumptive PTB patients with or without HIV. We generated independent results for five diagnostic tests conditional on PTB and HIV. We performed Bayesian LCA, separately for five and three diagnostic tests using four working models with or without constant PTB prevalence and diagnostic test accuracy across HIV subpopulations. Results In evaluating three diagnostic tests, the models accounting for heterogeneity in diagnostic accuracy produced consistent estimates while the models ignoring it produced biased estimates. The model ignoring heterogeneity in PTB prevalence is less problematic. When evaluating five diagnostic tests, the models were robust to violation of the assumptions. Conclusions Well-chosen covariate-specific adaptations of the model can avoid bias implied by recognized heterogeneity in PTB patient populations generating otherwise dependent test results in LCA.

The Concept of Good Classification (Diagnostic) Test

2010 ◽  
pp. 165-210
Author(s):  
Xenia Naidenova
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Test ◽  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Good Classification ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Good Diagnostic Test

In this chapter, the definition of good diagnostic test and the characterization of good tests are introduced and the concepts of good maximally redundant and good irredundant tests are given. The algorithms for inferring all kinds of good diagnostic tests are described in detail.

scholarly journals On diagnostic tests of contact break for contact circuits

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirill A. Popkov
Keyword(s):  
Boolean Function ◽  
Diagnostic Test ◽  
Boolean Functions ◽  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Almost All

AbstractWe prove that, for n ⩾ 2, any n-place Boolean function may be implemented by a two-pole contact circuit which is irredundant and allows a diagnostic test with length not exceeding n + k(n − 2) under at most k contact breaks. It is shown that with k = k(n) ⩽ 2n−4, for almost all n-place Boolean functions, the least possible length of such a test is at most 2k + 2.

scholarly journals Use of Individual-level Covariates to Improve Latent Class Analysis of Trypanosoma cruzi Diagnostic Tests

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron W. Tustin ◽  
Dylan S. Small ◽  
Stephen Delgado ◽  
Ricardo Castillo Neyra ◽  
Manuela R. Verastegui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trypanosoma Cruzi ◽  
Latent Class Analysis ◽  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Latent Class ◽  
Class Analysis ◽  
Individual Level

scholarly journals Comparison of three rapid influenza diagnostic tests with digital readout systems and one conventional rapid influenza diagnostic test

2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. e22234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sook Won Ryu ◽  
In Bum Suh ◽  
Se-Min Ryu ◽  
Kyu Sung Shin ◽  
Hyon-Suk Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Test ◽  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Digital Readout

scholarly journals Clinical overlap between malaria and pneumonia: can malaria rapid diagnostic test play a role?

2011 ◽  
Vol 5 (03) ◽  
pp. 199-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kingsley Nnanna Ukwaja ◽  
Olufemi B Aina ◽  
Ademola A Talabi
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Test ◽  
Rapid Diagnostic Test ◽  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Health Centre ◽  
Rapid Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Case Definition ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Malaria Rapid Diagnostic Test ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Symptom Overlap

Introduction: Malaria and pneumonia account for 40% of mortality among children under five years of age in sub-Saharan Africa. Due to lack of diagnostic facilities, their management is based on the integrated management of childhood illnesses (IMCI) strategy. Symptoms of malaria and pneumonia overlap in African children, necessitating dual IMCI classifications at health centres and treatment with both antibiotics and antimalarials. This study determined the prevalence of malaria-pneumonia symptom overlap and confirmed the diagnosis of malaria in these cases using a rapid diagnostic test. Methodology: Consecutive consultations of 1,216 children (two months to five years old) were documented over a three-month period in a comprehensive health centre. Malaria rapid diagnostic tests were conducted only for children who had symptom overlap. Results: Of the 1,216 children enrolled, 1,090 (90%) reported cough or fever. Among the children fulfilling the malaria case definition, 284 (30%) also met the pneumonia case definition. Twenty-three percent (284) of all children enrolled met the criteria for both malaria and pneumonia. However, only 130 (46%) of them had a positive result for malaria using a malaria rapid diagnostic test. During a malaria-pneumonia overlap, female children (chi-square 5.9, P = 0.01) and children ≥ one year (chi-square 4.8, P = 0.003) were more likely to seek care within two days of fever. Conclusion: Dual treatment with antimalarials and antibiotics in children with malaria-pneumonia overlap may result in unnecessary over-prescription of antimalarial medications. Use of rapid diagnostic tests in their management can potentially avoid over-prescribing of malaria medications.

scholarly journals ANALISIS MISKONSEPSI SISWA MENGGUNAKAN THREE TIER DIAGNOSTIC TEST BERBASIS OPEN ENDED QUESTION

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 276-291
Author(s):  
Mawaddah Mawaddah ◽  
Yandi Heryandi
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Diagnostic Test ◽  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Research Method ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Large Percentage ◽  
Sampling Techniques ◽  
Research Subjects ◽  
False Negatives ◽  
Clinical Interviews

This study aims to: (1) find out the misconceptions experienced by students in the material of similarity and congruence by using three-tier diagnostic tests based on open-ended questions. (2) find out the large percentage of students' misconceptions on the similarity and congruence material using a three-tier diagnostic test based on open-ended questions. The research method used was descriptive qualitative. The data collection instruments used were clinical interviews and three-tier diagnostic tests based on open-ended questions. This study was conducted in the SMP Negeri 2 Palimanan. The research subjects were selected using purposive sampling techniques so that 33 students were selected from 330 students. The results of the analysis of the three-tier diagnostic test based on open-ended questions showed that (1) the misconceptions that occurred in the material of similarity and congruence of 2D shapes included pure misconceptions, false positives, and false negatives. (2) the percentage of misconceptions experienced in the material of similarity and congruence 2D shapes as a whole was 50.2% with a large percentage of pure misconceptions 32.4%, false-positive 15.6%, and false-negative 2.2%

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